ALBANY, N.Y. - Gov. Andrew Cuomo wants to give New Yorkers who made mistakes as teenagers but got their lives back on track a big boost in their efforts to succeed - in the form of pardons.
A criminal conviction can make finding a job or getting an education or an apartment extremely difficult. Cuomo said he'll grant pardons to those who were convicted of nonviolent felonies or misdemeanors when they were 16 or 17 and have stayed out of trouble for a decade or more.
To JoAnne Page, president and chief executive of the Fortune Society, the news is cause for celebration.
"We've done terrible damage to a whole generation of young people through our insane reliance on over-incarceration," she said, "and I think what he is talking about doing is significant damage mitigation."
The pardons will apply to an estimated 10,000 people immediately and another 350 each year as people reach 10 years without a further conviction.
New York City has passed a law banning initial job applications from asking about past criminal convictions. The governor's action will not remove that question in the rest of the state. But according to Page, federal Equal Employment Opportunity Commission guidance requires that there be justification for denying a person employment.
"That needs to take into account any evidence of rehabilitation," she said. "Essentially, what the governor is doing is giving proof of rehabilitation that's very powerful."
Pardons will not be given to those convicted of sex crimes or who owe taxes, and local prosecutors will have a say, but the governor's office says those who qualify are virtually guaranteed to receive a pardon.
New York is one of only two states that still tries people as young as 16 as adults in criminal court. Most states have raised the age of criminal responsibility to 18, and Connecticut is moving to make it 21.
Page said plenty of scientific evidence shows that in young people, brain development affecting judgment and decision-making is still incomplete.
"It's appalling that New York State is one of the two outliers in this country," she said, "when the states that are usually far behind us in issues of social policy, have taken into account what the science says."
Cuomo has tried to raise the age to 18 in New York, but those efforts have not made it through the state Senate.
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A package to improve public safety is moving ahead in the California state Legislature - with a floor vote in the State Assembly on the first bill expected this week.
Assembly Bill 2215 puts into statute that police officers have the discretion to send people arrested for low-level offenses directly to supportive services.
Anthony DiMartino - government affairs director with the nonprofit Californians for Safety and Justice - said sometimes public safety is best served when people avoid arrest and instead get therapy, addiction support or help getting a job.
"We're also hoping to raise awareness that this is something officers can do, and then also encourage partnerships more with officers to look at what's in their community," said DiMartino, "as alternatives to jail booking."
A second bill would increase transparency and accountability on money sent to the counties as part of the Public Safety Realignment.
A third bill would require police officers, prosecuting attorneys and investigators to identify themselves any time they're interviewing a family member of someone killed or severely injured by police.
DiMartino said they also support AB 2499, which would ensure that survivors of violent crime and their family members can take unpaid time off work to address safety concerns and heal.
"We're hoping to broaden the scope a bit," said DiMartino, "and make it more clear that family members of victims are able to also tap into unpaid leave to support their family member that has been a victim."
A fifth bill would make it easier for justice-involved people and crime victims to speak freely during restorative justice programs - by making the communications inadmissible in other legal proceedings.
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Missouri went through with its first execution of the year, as Brian Dorsey was put to death last night, just after 6 p.m. CT.
The U.S. Supreme Court on Tuesday declined to stop Dorsey's execution. He was convicted of murdering his cousin Sarah Bonnie and her husband Ben nearly 20 years ago.
The advocacy group Missourians to Abolish the Death Penalty launched several recent campaigns on Dorsey's behalf to spare his life.
Jenni Gerhauser, a cousin to both Dorsey and Sarah Bonnie, expressed belief in his redemption.
"Brian is more than the worst moment of his life," Gerhauser stressed. "There is so much more to him."
Gerhauser fondly remembered him as fun and charming from their visits during holidays. Dorsey's current lawyers said he was in a drug-induced psychosis when he killed the Bonnies in 2006 and his attorneys at the time had been offered money, preventing them from fighting the death penalty with his guilty plea deal.
Gov. Mike Parson confirmed Monday the state would move forward with Dorsey's death sentence, rejecting a separate request for clemency. More than 70 current and former corrections officers had urged the governor to commute Dorsey's sentence, arguing he had been rehabilitated.
Claudia Boyce, also a cousin in the family, said it should not be a decision for the state to make.
"You know, that's supposed to be God's decision, not ours," Boyce contended.
Dorsey received a lethal injection Tuesday evening. Lethal injection became an option for people on Missouri's death row in 1987, alongside lethal gas.
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Amid overcrowding and unsafe conditions in West Virginia jails, state lawmakers introduced bills that would allow judges to take a 'second look' at an individual's original sentence.
If a court determines they no longer pose a threat to the community, the person could be released, placed on supervision, or receive a shortened sentence.
Sara Whitaker - criminal legal policy analyst with the West Virginia Center on Budget and Policy - said West Virginia is one of the few states that has seen its prison population balloon over the past decade, despite declining crime.
She noted that as of last month, more than 500 people in the state were in jail awaiting transfer to a prison.
"As a result, eight out of 10 of the regional jails in the state were beyond capacity," said Whitaker, "with hundreds of people assigned to sleeping on the floor."
The bills failed to advance this session, but Whitaker said advocates are hopeful lawmakers will consider them next year.
The state's jails remain among the deadliest in the country, with at least 91 people losing their lives while incarcerated in the past few years.
According to the West Virginia Center on Budget and Policy, jail bills cost counties $45 million in 2022.
Nationwide, long sentences have led to growth in the number of older people behind bars.
Whitaker pointed out that 'Second Look' legislation could help the state avoid turning its prisons into nursing homes, and said the number of elderly people in prison has tripled in the past two decades.
"In 2019, West Virginia had to open a dementia unit in one of its prisons," said Whitaker. "There are hospice units across multiple prisons. And experts predict that this is just only going to get worse."
Whitaker added that 'Second Look' policies also offer a way to correct past racial injustice in the criminal legal system.
Black people incarcerated in West Virginia are four times more likely than white people to be serving a life sentence with the possibility of parole, and five times as likely to be serving a life-without-parole sentence.
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