CHARLESTON, W.Va. - Some good news about coal, miners are now being exposed to less coal dust than ever. Mine safety officials hope this turns a corner toward fewer cases of black lung. The Federal Mine Safety and Health Administration reports air samples from the mines show historic low levels of coal dust, fully thirty percent below the previous record.

The Assistant Secretary of Labor for Mine Safety and Health, Joe Main, credits tougher rules for allowable dust, more and better sampling and more enforcement of ventilation rules.

"There's no reason any miner should ever get the black lung disease," he said. "And the fact that we've been able to, on average, get the dust levels down to less than a milligram tells us that it is achievable to clean up this air. It is preventable."

Mine operators had criticized the tougher standards as unworkable. But Main said more than 99 percent of 150,000 samples from this fiscal year met the new, higher standards, in part, with the industry's cooperation.

Main said black lung has killed 76,000 American coal miners, by gradually making it impossible for them to breathe. He said an unexpected rise in the number of cases moved the then-new Obama Administration's Department of Labor to first toughen enforcement and do more outreach. Then in 2014, MSHA made stricter rules allowing less breathable dust in the air samples. Main said in effect, they better used the rules in place, and then, tightened those rules.

"These cleaner, more efficient dust-control plans and ventilation plans being not only put in place, but more toughly enforced, paved the way for this new rule to produce the results it is, with the high compliance rates," he explained.

MSHA is also reporting fewer accidental deaths in the mines this year. Main said they haven't confirmed the number of man-hours worked, which could make the low number of deaths less impressive. But his gut feeling is, the mines are getting safer.

"In 2014, we had 30 mining deaths," he added. "From August of last year through February, we held it to three. And we've proven that zero fatalities is really achievable in the mining industry."

Main added the amount of silica dust in the air samples is averaging half what it was.


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New Mexico saw record enrollment numbers for the Affordable Care Act this year and is now setting its sights on lowering out-of-pocket costs - those not reimbursed by insurance. More than 56,000 New Mexicans are enrolled in a medical health insurance plan on the state exchange - an increase of 12,000 people overall.

Colin Baillio, deputy superintendent with the state's Office of Insurance, said the state has boosted its outreach and made efforts to improve the overall consumer experience.

"We saw a 40% year-over-year increase, and New Mexico saw the biggest percentage increase during the open-enrollment period among all of the state-based marketplaces," he explained

Part of the enrollment increase is due to what's called the "unwinding" - a federal directive that required all states to redetermine Medicaid eligibility following a three-year pause on checks during the COVID pandemic. He said by using expanded tools made available by the federal and state government, 8% of New Mexico's population is now uninsured - down from 23% in 2010.

Following approval by lawmakers in the 2024 legislative session, the New Mexico governor signed seven health care-related bills into law - one of which requires annual reporting of prescription drug pricing. Baililo said the Affordable Care Act built the foundation that has allowed the state to pursue additional affordability initiatives.

"I'm really glad to see that there's so much interest in the next step of health reform, really leaning into these out-of-pocket cost issues and making it easier for people to afford to stay covered and see their doctors," he continued.

Two years ago, the state also passed a one-of-a-kind law that did away with behavioral health co-pays for people in certain insurance plans.

New York's medical aid-in-dying bill is gaining further support. The Medical Society of the State of New York is supporting the bill. New York's bill allows terminally ill people with only six months to live to use this option, with safeguards requiring two physicians' approval.

The bill's Assembly sponsor Amy Paulin, D-Westchester, said despite the growing support, other hurdles lie ahead.

"Now we have what I believe, if it came to the floor, a majority. There's still a hesitation on the part of leadership. You know, we need members to assure leadership that they no longer have reservations," she said.

Other newly resolved concerns center on making sure insurance companies and doctors who don't support this aren't held liable. She's optimistic the bill will pass after nine years in the Legislature. New York would be the 11th state along with Washington, D.C. to have medical aid in dying legislation.

Corinne Carey, senior New York campaign director with Compassion and Choices finds the pandemic drew a vivid picture of a person's end-of-life experience. There were images of people dying on ventilators, apart from loved ones, and unable to communicate. She said people began thinking about a "good death."

"And, what is a good death is being surrounded by loved ones, having some measure of control, experiencing the touch of your loved ones, and being the one in the driver's seat," she explained.

Now people have different options for end-of-life care, each of which presents various challenges. Polls show medical aid in dying has garnered considerable support since being introduced in 2015. A 2022 Compassion and Choices poll finds 57% of nurses support medical aid in dying professionally, although fewer support it personally.

The California State Assembly is considering a bill to require schools to have a cardiac arrest response plan. Assembly Bill 2887 would make sure schools update their safety plans to include CPR training and an automatic external defibrillator or AED onsite.

Dr. Stephen Sanko, a professor of clinical emergency medicine at USC, and a founding member of the Cardiac Arrest Survivor Alliance, is a volunteer expert for the American Heart Association. He said having a plan in place is critical.

"The American Heart Association is promoting that schools have a cardiac arrest response plan. A written protocol for what to do in order to decrease the likelihood that if somebody collapses, that they die," he said.

Two years ago, 15-year-old Cash Hennessy collapsed on the football field due to a previously unknown heart defect. Two off-duty medics in the stands gave him CPR. The school brought out its AED - but it was useless, because the batteries were dead.

Hennessy said the experience was traumatic.

"I feel blessed that I had people there for me, that could give me C-P-R. But I think about if those people weren't there and that was another kid, who knows what would have happened? Because there wouldn't have been an AED to save them," he explained.

An AED walks people through the steps to deliver a life-saving shock to a person's heart until an ambulance arrives. Studies show that 70% of kids who suffer sudden cardiac arrest at school recover if an AED is deployed correctly - whereas the survival rate for kids and adults not in the hospital is less than 12%.