MINNEAPOLIS - Researchers and doctors in the 1930s called the very first manufactured antibiotics "miraculous" because the new drugs saved lives, and cleared infections at unprecedented rates. Less than a century later, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that 90,000 people die each year from infections -- most of them from antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

University of Minnesota professor and infectious disease specialist James Johnson says part of the problem stems from widespread, indiscriminate use of antibiotics by livestock producers.

"Now we're on the brink of losing that whole great treasure because of the way that we are squandering them in situations where they are not really needed. Because we are using them injudiciously, we are losing them at a much more rapid rate then we would need to."

He says the long-term use of low doses of antibiotics in feed by livestock producers for "feed efficiency" or "growth production" is particularly troubling.

"So we're using an antibiotic, which has the potential to save lives, and we're using it as sort of a vitamin pill or a nutrient supplement to help the animals get bigger, faster. And that's the use that most infectious disease people and microbiologists and public health folks think really should stop."

Major livestock producers voice concern that eliminating antibiotics in feed will drive up their costs. They argue that drug resistance in humans has nothing to do with antibiotic use on the farm. But Johnson argues there's an enormous body of scientific research and evidence that clearly shows the link.

"There are the classic drug resistant food borne pathogens, Salmonella and Campylobacter, where a number of outbreaks have been traced back to farms and in relation to antibiotic use."

He says the CDC, the World Health Organization, the Institute of Medicine, and the European Union have all come to the same consensus about the dangers of excessive antibiotic use. In 1998, Denmark eliminated the use of antibiotics in healthy livestock, specifically in growth promotion and routine prevention. The World Health Organization later determined there was no significant impact on farmers' incomes as a result. Other European countries have since followed suit.

Johnson believes it's time to start treating antibiotics like other diminishing natural resources, and put policies in place to conserve and restore them. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is considering guidelines to address the routine use of antibiotics in livestock. For more information on pending FDA guidelines and proposed legislation, visit www.saveantibiotics.org.


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After more than 50 years of use, some Michigan lawmakers say naloxone may not be the best choice in an overdose situation.

Naloxone is sometimes called the "Lazarus drug" because of its powerful ability to seemingly resurrect people after a drug overdose.

Sen. Kevin Hertel, D-St. Clair Shores, and some of his colleagues have introduced a bill which would open the door for what they say are more costly, but more powerful, antidotes.

"Given the prevalence of fentanyl in our communities, and how much stronger some of these drugs that we're now seeing are, we believe -- and in talking with others -- that there should be other tools to respond to an overdose," Hertel explained. "To make sure we're doing everything we can to save somebody's life."

Not everyone is on board with the proposed legislation, Senate Bill 542. Opponents argued the more expensive naloxone alternatives are not necessary, and using them would only increase profits for the pharmaceutical industry.

Jonathan Stoltman, director of the Opioid Policy Institute in Grand Rapids, said while the naloxone alternatives do help in overdose situations, they can also cause nasty side effects.

"The newer approaches, they put people into more severe withdrawal," Stoltman pointed out. "That's a pretty profound negative side effect. The one approach is very inexpensive and works great; the other approach is far more expensive and has this strong negative side effect."

Sponsors of the bill say they're hoping to give Michigan residents a chance to chime in on the issue in a public hearing sometime in June. Michigan saw more than 3,000 opioid overdose deaths in 2021.


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New Mexico saw record enrollment numbers for the Affordable Care Act this year and is now setting its sights on lowering out-of-pocket costs - those not reimbursed by insurance. More than 56,000 New Mexicans are enrolled in a medical health insurance plan on the state exchange - an increase of 12,000 people overall.

Colin Baillio, deputy superintendent with the state's Office of Insurance, said the state has boosted its outreach and made efforts to improve the overall consumer experience.

"We saw a 40% year-over-year increase, and New Mexico saw the biggest percentage increase during the open-enrollment period among all of the state-based marketplaces," he explained

Part of the enrollment increase is due to what's called the "unwinding" - a federal directive that required all states to redetermine Medicaid eligibility following a three-year pause on checks during the COVID pandemic. He said by using expanded tools made available by the federal and state government, 8% of New Mexico's population is now uninsured - down from 23% in 2010.

Following approval by lawmakers in the 2024 legislative session, the New Mexico governor signed seven health care-related bills into law - one of which requires annual reporting of prescription drug pricing. Baililo said the Affordable Care Act built the foundation that has allowed the state to pursue additional affordability initiatives.

"I'm really glad to see that there's so much interest in the next step of health reform, really leaning into these out-of-pocket cost issues and making it easier for people to afford to stay covered and see their doctors," he continued.

Two years ago, the state also passed a one-of-a-kind law that did away with behavioral health co-pays for people in certain insurance plans.

New York's medical aid-in-dying bill is gaining further support. The Medical Society of the State of New York is supporting the bill. New York's bill allows terminally ill people with only six months to live to use this option, with safeguards requiring two physicians' approval.

The bill's Assembly sponsor Amy Paulin, D-Westchester, said despite the growing support, other hurdles lie ahead.

"Now we have what I believe, if it came to the floor, a majority. There's still a hesitation on the part of leadership. You know, we need members to assure leadership that they no longer have reservations," she said.

Other newly resolved concerns center on making sure insurance companies and doctors who don't support this aren't held liable. She's optimistic the bill will pass after nine years in the Legislature. New York would be the 11th state along with Washington, D.C. to have medical aid in dying legislation.

Corinne Carey, senior New York campaign director with Compassion and Choices finds the pandemic drew a vivid picture of a person's end-of-life experience. There were images of people dying on ventilators, apart from loved ones, and unable to communicate. She said people began thinking about a "good death."

"And, what is a good death is being surrounded by loved ones, having some measure of control, experiencing the touch of your loved ones, and being the one in the driver's seat," she explained.

Now people have different options for end-of-life care, each of which presents various challenges. Polls show medical aid in dying has garnered considerable support since being introduced in 2015. A 2022 Compassion and Choices poll finds 57% of nurses support medical aid in dying professionally, although fewer support it personally.