MINNEAPOLIS - Researchers and doctors in the 1930s called the very first manufactured antibiotics "miraculous" because the new drugs saved lives, and cleared infections at unprecedented rates. Less than a century later, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that 90,000 people die each year from infections -- most of them from antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

University of Minnesota professor and infectious disease specialist James Johnson says part of the problem stems from widespread, indiscriminate use of antibiotics by livestock producers.

"Now we're on the brink of losing that whole great treasure because of the way that we are squandering them in situations where they are not really needed. Because we are using them injudiciously, we are losing them at a much more rapid rate then we would need to."

He says the long-term use of low doses of antibiotics in feed by livestock producers for "feed efficiency" or "growth production" is particularly troubling.

"So we're using an antibiotic, which has the potential to save lives, and we're using it as sort of a vitamin pill or a nutrient supplement to help the animals get bigger, faster. And that's the use that most infectious disease people and microbiologists and public health folks think really should stop."

Major livestock producers voice concern that eliminating antibiotics in feed will drive up their costs. They argue that drug resistance in humans has nothing to do with antibiotic use on the farm. But Johnson argues there's an enormous body of scientific research and evidence that clearly shows the link.

"There are the classic drug resistant food borne pathogens, Salmonella and Campylobacter, where a number of outbreaks have been traced back to farms and in relation to antibiotic use."

He says the CDC, the World Health Organization, the Institute of Medicine, and the European Union have all come to the same consensus about the dangers of excessive antibiotic use. In 1998, Denmark eliminated the use of antibiotics in healthy livestock, specifically in growth promotion and routine prevention. The World Health Organization later determined there was no significant impact on farmers' incomes as a result. Other European countries have since followed suit.

Johnson believes it's time to start treating antibiotics like other diminishing natural resources, and put policies in place to conserve and restore them. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is considering guidelines to address the routine use of antibiotics in livestock. For more information on pending FDA guidelines and proposed legislation, visit www.saveantibiotics.org.


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Health disparities in Texas are not only making some people sick, but affecting the state's economy.

A new study shows Texas is losing $7 billion a year because it does not adequately address quality-of-life issues and the health care needs of its lower-income residents.

The research was sponsored by the Episcopal Health Foundation, Methodist Healthcare Ministries of South Texas, and St. David's Foundation.

Brian Sasser, chief communications officer for the Episcopal Health Foundation, said health care includes more than doctors' visits and medication.

"Everything from increasing access to affordable health insurance to investing in under-resourced neighborhoods to give them more options, whether that's exercise options or food options," Sasser outlined. "Look at policy changes that expand health insurance coverage for new moms."

The report breaks down the economic costs of preventable health differences for every Texas county. It found Bexar, Dallas, Harris, Tarrant and Travis counties are losing the most money annually because of health disparities.

The amount of the economic impact depends on the racial and ethnic makeup of the county and the size of its working-age population. Sasser added the report shows Black and Hispanic children are more likely to grow up in neighborhoods with high poverty levels, and higher rates of diabetes and obesity.

"What can we do to work to make sure that the rate of diabetes isn't dramatically different between white households and Black households?" Sasser asked. "That we can make sure the food insecurity isn't dramatically different between someone who makes over $100,000 and someone who makes less than $30,000?"

The Texas Legislature has passed laws to address some of the disparities, including House Bill 12. It extends Medicaid health coverage for 12 months for new mothers, and pays for maternal health services for community health workers and doulas.

There is light at the end of the tunnel for Tennesseans struggling with opioid addiction, as a bill has been passed to increase access to treatment for opioid use disorder at Community Health Centers.

More than 3,800 lives were lost to overdose in the state in 2021, according to the Tennessee Department of Health.

Emily Waitt, policy and advocacy manager for the Tennessee Primary Care Association, said the original bill limited the number of patients nurse practitioners and physician assistants could treat with buprenorphine. The update removes the limitations, allowing more Tennesseans to access medication assisted treatment in their communities.

"It allows NPs and PAs to prescribe to 100 patients at a time, versus 50," Waitt explained. "Basically doubling the number of patients that they can prescribe to."

Community Health Centers serve more than 423,000 patients across Tennessee, regardless of their insurance status or ability to pay. About 7.7% of Tennesseans do not have health insurance.

Libby Thurman, CEO of the Tennessee Primary Care Association, said bringing the treatment to rural health centers expands access to a crucial service for patients who otherwise could not afford it. She noted it is important because people in remote areas often face challenges finding specialists and treatment facilities.

"We really wanted to work on this issue, because we know our Community Health Centers are where patients go for care," Thurman emphasized. "We really believe in an integrated model. So we want to treat the whole person, including if they are struggling with an addiction issue or a substance abuse disorder issue."

Health Centers offer behavioral health care, including counseling, along with treatment. The clinics also focus on creating a supportive network to help patients with family resources, job assistance and community connections.

While Black Maternal Health Week is wrapping up, health disparities for pregnant Black women continues to be an issue.

From April 11-17 this year, the high death rate of Black mothers is in the spotlight. Black women are three times more likely to die from pregnancy-related causes than their white counterparts.

Dr. Patricia Egwuatu, a family practice physician at Kaiser Permanente in Seattle, said racism is at the root of the disparities, which create barriers to health care access. She pointed out lack of access can lead to problems during pregnancy that are preventable or treatable.

"They may exist prior to pregnancy and then it gets worse during pregnancy if it's not managed as part of that maternity care," Egwuatu emphasized. "There are more pregnant women that have chronic conditions such as hypertension, diabetes and heart disease that are amplified during pregnancy."

The White House released a proclamation recognizing Black Maternal Health Week. The Biden administration began recognizing the week in 2021.

Egwuatu noted there are some warning signs any pregnant woman should be aware of and check in with their physician if they develop.

"You might get some changes in your vision that is not your normal. So, like, fuzziness, you can't see as well, or an excruciating headache," Egwuatu outlined. "You could also develop new swelling in your lower extremities that's making it difficult to get around or even new shortness of breath."

Egwuatu stressed physicians also need to recognize the role of racism in medicine. She argued continuous medical education is important for learning how to confront biases, and it is important for doctors to understand how they can provide people with resources.

"Asking the questions about personal barriers," Egwuatu suggested. "Does a patient have issues with getting to work, child care, transportation? What's their education, what's their cultural background and language? And do they even have a cell phone so we can connect with them?"