SEATTLE - Senator Bernie Sanders captured 72 percent of the vote in Washington's Democratic Caucus on Saturday, earning him a majority of the state's 101 delegates.
Before the caucus, Sanders also was able to raise more money from Evergreen State voters than Hillary Clinton.
Craig Holman, government affairs lobbyist for the watchdog group Public Citizen, says Sanders' model of soliciting small donations from a wide donor base equips him with a more sustainable campaign than Clinton, who has relied on donors giving one-time, maximum donations.
"She's got to find new people to give her money," says Holman. "That means she ends up spending more time and working harder at fund-raising than Bernie Sanders."
Through February, Sanders raised about $2.6 million in Washington, compared to Clinton's $2 million. Sanders is still $80 million behind his rival overall according to "OpenSecrets," a campaign finance research group.
OpenSecrets also reports two-thirds of Sanders' contributions were donations of $200 or less, compared to only 18 percent of Clinton's.
Viveca Novak, editorial director of OpenSecrets.org says this model is unusual in the era of super PACs and other outside spending groups, and may not be easy for future candidates to replicate.
"It's hard to imagine, as we move along, a candidate winning the election," she says. "And winning even the nomination of a major party without having one of these outside spending groups behind them."
Novak says a self-funded candidate could be a caveat to her prediction.
Ideas for amplifying the role of small donations in elections have been gaining traction across the U.S.
Last year, Seattle passed a measure to allot voters vouchers that can be donated to the candidates of their choice, starting in 2017.
Holman thinks the voucher program is a good way to facilitate small donations and get more people involved in elections.
"When someone chips in $20 to a candidate or to a campaign, they tend to have a stake in that candidate and that campaign," he says.
Sanders also scored big victories in the Alaska and Hawaii caucuses on Saturday.
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Undisclosed funding, or "dark money," is pumping into the 2024 election cycle.
Political spending by donors who stay hidden is reaching record highs, according to a report by OpenSecrets.
Author Anna Massoglia - the editorial and investigations manager at Open Secrets - said dark money might be coming from shadowy shell companies or non-profits, and often funds misleading attack ads against candidates from either party.
"When you have dark-money groups fueling this spending," said Massoglia, "the voter may not know what interest the secret donors behind that have in getting a specific candidate elected, a ballot measure passed or any other policy issue."
In 2022, OpenSecrets found that the Conservative Americans PAC spent more than $2.4 million in GOP primary races for U.S. House seats in Missouri, Tennessee and Arizona.
They discovered the super PAC was bankrolled by undisclosed American Economic Freedom Alliance and American Prosperity Alliance support prior to the votes.
Supporters of dark money donations argue they are a form of free speech, and in fact courts have often found that political donations are protected by the First Amendment.
Campaign watchdogs argue in return that even if donations are a form of protected speech, nothing stops the government from requiring full disclosure of who the donations are coming from - and without that, campaign advertising becomes inherently deceptive.
Massoglia says it really varies from one state to the next, in terms of which party and which side of the aisle is benefiting more. And, the patchwork of limits and disclosure rules vary greatly across the states.
"In some states, you can actually have 501(c)(4) dark-money groups or shell companies contribute directly to candidates' campaigns," said Massoglia, "which is something that's not allowed at the federal level. They're only allowed to spend in support of the candidate."
Massoglia emphasized that while dark money can come from various sources, it often comes from one type.
She said 501(c)(4) nonprofits are supposed to exist for social welfare purposes, but due to few restrictions on their spending they are able to spend practically unlimited sums on elections without ever disclosing their donors.
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Oregon lawmakers took a step toward limiting the impact of money on elections during the legislative session.
Lawmakers passed House Bill 2024, a campaign finance reform package that limits the amount single donors can contribute to campaigns. Limits haven't existed in the state since the 1970s.
Contributions will be capped at $3,300 - per candidate, per election.
House Speaker state Rep. Julie Fahey - D-Eugene - championed the bill.
In her first campaign for office, she faced candidates funded by large donations from wealthy donors - and said the experience inspired her to change the law.
"It really was that first challenging election cycle that cemented in my mind how important it was that we reform our campaign finance system," said Fahey, "in part because we need to make running for office more accessible to brand new candidates like I was."
Oregon voters have shown they're ready for limits on campaign contributions. They wrote them into the the state constitution in 2020.
This year, Honest Elections and the League of Women Voters had collected nearly enough signatures for a measure to put campaign finance reform on the November ballot.
Fahey noted that the bill doesn't just limit contributions.
"We also created new kinds of small donor pacs and membership organization pacs," said Fahey, "that will make sure that we can incentivize the kind of pro-democracy campaigning that we really want to see more of."
Common Cause Oregon Director Kate Titus said these changes have taken effort from a lot of people over a long period time.
"It's such a complex issue, campaign finance reform," said Titus, "and it's one of the toughest ones to fight because it gets at the heart of power in politics. Anyone who gains power through money has the power to resist."
The new campaign finance laws go into effect in 2027.
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Maine could become the first state in the nation to provide public funding to candidates seeking the office of district attorney.
Lawmakers are considering the first expansion of the state's Clean Election Act since 1996 to help ensure county-level races are not influenced by wealthy donors.
Anna Kellar, executive director of Maine Citizens for Clean Elections, said local and state law enforcement positions are increasingly gaining national attention and drawing large amounts of out-of-state spending.
"We see this really as a way of ensuring that this part of our justice system is fully accountable to the voters and able to be independent of their campaign donors," Kellar explained.
Kellar contended providing public funding for district attorney races will increase the pool of candidates with diverse career backgrounds, including public defenders. The legislation has passed a committee with bipartisan support.
Maine voters passed the Maine Clean Elections Act as a citizen initiative in 1996, creating a voluntary program of public financing of political campaigns for governor, state Senator and state Representative.
Candidates who participate can accept limited private contributions to start their campaigns but once they receive money from the state's Clean Elections Fund, they can no longer accept private donations.
Kellar argued the law ensures candidates have enough to run viable, fair campaigns.
"What we often see is if there are races where there are both clean elections candidates, they start out on that equal playing field and that also really helps reduce the need for that outside spending," Kellar observed.
Kellar emphasized the public should trust candidates for county-level law enforcement positions, including sheriff and district attorney, are impartial and will create agendas to benefit the public rather than donor's interests. She added Maine's "clean elections" have provided a great blueprint for other states, and wants the legislature to expand the law to ensure the example continues.
Support for this reporting was provided by The Carnegie Corporation of New York.
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