SACRAMENTO, Calif. -- The federal mandate to blend corn ethanol into gasoline has contributed greatly to climate change, according to a new report.

Researchers from the University of Wisconsin looked at the conversion of wildlife habitat to cropland and found that disturbing the soil releases huge amounts of carbon - equivalent to emissions from 20 million additional cars on the road per year.

Collin O’Mara, study co-author and president and chief executive of the National Wildlife Federation, said turning pristine land into fields also harms insects, birds and other animals.

"In the years following enactment of the mandate in 2007, more than 7 million acres of wildlife habitat were plowed under,” O’Mara said. "This is grasslands, and wetlands and other habitat that threatens monarch butterflies, bees, ducks and other wildlife."

The report was presented Wednesday at the America's Grasslands Conference in Fort Worth, Texas. O'Mara said he'd like to see Congress reform the Renewable Fuel Standard - as the ethanol mandate is also known - by encouraging more sustainable fuels, funding restoration of cropland to wildlife habitat, and forbidding farmers from growing invasive plants as biofuels.

The report also found California's central valley loses 734 sq. kilometers (roughly 286 sq. miles) to conversion each year.

Report lead author Seth Spawn, with the Department of Geography at the University of Wisconsin, said in terms of impact on global warming, the conversion of cropland is roughly equivalent to the loss of acreage on the edge of the rain forest.

"For so long, we've heard about the importance of tropical rain forests as an important carbon reserve,” Spawn said. “And this research really emphasizes that now is the time to start also recognizing the importance of carbon reserves here at home and the impacts that we've been having on them."

Study co-author Tyler Lark said the carbon released from soil is harder to replace than carbon stored in trees.

"The difference is that those emissions in the tropics are primarily from trees, so it's easier to re-sequester that lost carbon,” Lark explained. "On the other hand, the emissions we see here in the U.S. are primarily from soil carbon stores which could take hundreds of years or more to replenish and may never be fully restored."

Lark suggested that the government require farms to map and track biofuel feed stock, to ensure that fewer acres of undisturbed lands are converted for crops.


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Wet weather this spring has improved drought conditions in Minnesota and southern Canada. However, experts remain on alert for increased wildfire activity and other climate changes affecting people's health.

Poor air quality was a frequent topic last year in the upper Midwest, as smoke pushed down from Canadian wildfires. Researchers said climate change is fueling hotter and drier summers, making forests more susceptible to large fires.

Dr. Bruce Snyder, co-founder of Health Professionals for a Healthy Climate, worries about a repeat summer of thick, hazy smoke in the air creating unhealthy conditions.

"When that happens, people have more respiratory disease; people who have chronic lung disease tend to get sicker," Snyder explained. "There's a lot of downstream consequences for people all over the world, but certainly here in Minnesota."

Snyder noted the transition to cleaner energy sources is complex, but acknowledged pollution events place more emphasis on the need for less reliance on fossil fuels, due to their contributions to a warming planet. The Minnesota Pollution Control Agency said the state has had 46 air quality alerts since 2015, and 34 of those were because of wildfire smoke.

Snyder emphasized it is not just air pollution from wildfire smoke to worry about. He pointed out there are other ways a person's health can suffer from climate change.

"We've got many more dangerous insects -- ticks, mosquitoes, and so forth," Snyder stressed. "This is having a profound effect on our wildlife. But also, we're seeing a lot more progressively rising rates of Lyme disease, of West Nile virus."

Year-over-year statistics may vary, but state health officials say the median number of Lyme disease cases has risen in the past decade. Snyder added adverse health effects of climate change can be much harder for populations lacking stable housing.


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Conservationists in Maine said reinstated protections of the Endangered Species Act could help wildlife already struggling to adapt to climate change.

Economic impacts will no longer be considered when listing certain species as threatened or endangered but the threat of climate change will be a factor.

Anya Fetcher, federal policy advocate for the Natural Resources Council of Maine, said so-called "blanket rule" protections will also be revived.

"This is basically, while they are considering whether they should become endangered, they're going to continue to protect those species as if they were," Fetcher explained.

The Trump administration removed protections for threatened species along with other key aspects of the law. Fetcher acknowledged the new rules are likely to be challenged by Congress similar to other climate and environmental regulations.

Conservation powers will also be extended to federally recognized tribes, allowing them the same opportunities to protect wildlife, including some of Maine's most iconic species such as the piping plover and Canada lynx, which are losing critical habitat to development and a changing climate.

Fetcher pointed out one-third of Maine's species are vulnerable to climate change, including more than half the state's birds.

"Our wildlife is part of what makes Maine so special," Fetcher asserted. "Protecting critical habitat and the incredible wildlife that we have here is vital to our economy as well."

Fetcher added the Endangered Species Act has been helpful in protecting species such as the bald eagle, once on the brink of extinction but now a common sight in Maine. Nearly 500,000 public comments were considered in the new rule-making process.


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PacifiCorp's updated energy roadmap throws a lifeline to Wyoming's coal industry but critics said the new Integrated Resource Plan is a major setback for community health and the climate.

Rob Joyce, director of the Wyoming Chapter of the Sierra Club, said the plan would add 100 million metric tons of climate pollution by 2042. It also slashes near-term investments in cheaper wind and solar, and makes a huge bet on behalf of ratepayers to install unproven and expensive carbon capture devices on existing coal-fired power plants.

"To be increasing emissions, increasing investment in fossil fuels, and putting hundreds of millions if not billions of dollars towards carbon capture when we're not 100 % sure if that is actually even going to work is really dubious," Joyce argued.

PacifiCorp, the parent company of Rocky Mountain Power, plans to extend the life of the Jim Bridger coal-fired power plant in southwestern Wyoming until 2039. The plan also pushes back the retirements of Utah's Hunter plant by at least 10 years, and the Huntington plant by at least four years. PacifiCorp said it should deliver significant near-term cost savings to ratepayers.

The plan also added more natural gas to PacifiCorp's energy portfolio. Joyce worries Wyoming ratepayers, already tapped by state lawmakers to pay millions for a carbon capture compliance surcharge, will end up on the hook.

"We're going to have to cover the costs of the volatility of new gas resources," Joyce pointed out. "The company is saying between $500 million and $1 billion per unit that they put carbon capture on. Those are all things that they pass on to the ratepayers."

Joyce noted with a looming 2030 deadline to significantly reduce fossil fuel pollution in order to avoid the worst effects of climate change, now is the time to invest big in wind and solar. He added by delaying the expansion of clean energy resources, PacifiCorp is leaving billions of dollars in Inflation Reduction Act incentives on the table.

"Right now we know that solar and wind and even battery storage are cheap and getting cheaper," Joyce emphasized. "Those are investments that the rest of the country is making to save ratepayers money."