Biofuels are painted as a greener energy alternative to fossil fuels but a new study found the industry produces plenty of its own air pollutants.

American biofuel plants reported emitting nearly 13 million pounds of hazardous air pollution in 2022, according to a report from the Environmental Integrity Project, trailing only slightly behind the 14.5 million pounds oil refineries released.

Tom Pelton, director of communications for the nonprofit, said South Dakota's 16 biofuel plants, which mostly make ethanol from corn, produce about 1.7 million pounds of greenhouse gases each year and 350,000 pounds of air pollution, including known carcinogens. Biofuel production is concentrated in the Midwest and Pelton pointed out people living nearby could suffer health effects.

"It's hard to detect and hard to track, but a person living downwind from one of these plants might have a few percentage points more chance of getting cancer over their lifetime," Pelton explained.

The report recommended the Environmental Protection Agency increase monitoring and control of air pollutants, improve the accuracy of emissions reporting and end current exemptions for ethanol manufacturers under the Clean Air Act. It also suggested ending government subsidies for biofuels, which benefit area farmers and communities.

According to the South Dakota Corn Utilization Council, ethanol production supported nearly 30,000 jobs in the state in 2022 and more than $4 billion in corn production.

Pelton argued expanded agricultural production for the industry can have other negative effects.

"When you subsidize growing corn to make ethanol, more kind of questionable lands are converted from grasslands and forests into row crops of corn," Pelton noted. "That takes away habitat for birds and for insects and for wildlife."

The conversions may also lead to the use of more chemical fertilizers, he added, which can lead to algae blooms and other problems in waterways. Among the 32 U.S. biofuel projects proposed or underway, according to the report, is a new biodiesel facility in Lake Preston, South Dakota.


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A new air monitoring project aims to study the health effects of air pollution in west Louisville's Rubbertown neighborhood.

More than two decades ago, residents' advocacy spurred the creation of the Strategic Toxic Air Reduction program, which allows local areas to adopt air regulations beyond what the Environmental Protection Agency requires.

Byron Gary, program attorney for the Kentucky Resources Council, said the program was one of the most protective in the nation when it launched in the early 2000s, slashing local air pollution by 80%.

"The STAR program did effectively reduce the emissions from those facilities in West Louisville a great deal," Gary recounted. "It has done a pretty good job at making sure that any additional industry or changes to industry in that area does not backslide and cause cancer risks to go back up."

The three-year project will use multiple air-monitoring sites and a novel wastewater-sampling study to collect data. The West Jefferson County Community Task Force and other local groups are involved in the study and will host regular community meetings to discuss concerns and get residents' feedback.

Matt Mudd, communications coordinator for the Louisville Metro Air Pollution Control District, said findings from the Rubbertown Air Toxics and Health Assessment will be used to better understand how residents' exposure to toxic air pollution has changed over time.

"We haven't had a project of this scale to compare to that past West Louisville air toxic study until now," Mudd explained. "We're looking forward to having that data in hand, understand the progress that we've made, and then look at what's next."

Gary added the new study is needed to better pinpoint what hazards remain in an area long dominated by chemical and manufacturing industries.

"There's still progress to be made," Gary asserted. "There are still disparities between West Louisville, where predominantly Black residents live, compared to the rest of Louisville."

A study published earlier this year by Stanford Medicine researchers found Black Americans are significantly more likely to die from health problems linked to air pollution, specifically exposure to fine particulate matter or PM 2.5 pollution, compared with other racial and ethnic groups.

By Hannah Wallace for Reasons to be Cheerful.
Broadcast version by Suzanne Potter for California News Service reporting for the Solutions Journalism Network-Public News Service Collaboration

Across the country, fall is synonymous with the new school year: sharpened pencils, new bento-style lunch boxes and, for many, the return of the iconic yellow school bus. Only this year, millions of students will be transported by yellow school buses that are electric.

This change was several years in the making, and it's a welcome one: Diesel buses - which comprise the majority of school buses in use today - spew exhaust that has been linked to serious physical and cognitive issues in children.

"Diesel school buses are incredibly polluting, not just for the environment - for air quality - but for children's health. They are very harmful to children's respiratory health, lung health, you name it," says Carolina Chacon, the coalition manager for the Alliance for Electric School Buses. Studies have shown that diesel fumes, one of the most toxic forms of air pollution, are associated with heart and lung conditions such as asthma as well as cognitive performance issues. Even students who ride buses that have been retrofitted with cheap engine modifications like "diesel particulate filters" perform better on tests, according to researchers at Georgia State University. "The science behind it is really clear that diesel is harmful, period. But for kids, whose lungs and brains are still developing, it is especially bad," Chacon says.

When the Alliance for Electric School Buses formed in 2018, members were focused on demanding governors use the Volkswagen settlement funds [from the Volkswagen emissions scandal, aka Dieselgate] to purchase electric school buses. But in most states, the governors or their environmental departments chose to use the funds to swap out older diesel buses for "clean diesel" buses. This was a move in the right direction, but a lower bar than what the Alliance for Electric School Buses was fighting for.

Then, in 2019, the Alliance switched its focus to policy. It began working with the office of then-Senator Kamala Harris to introduce the first electric school bus bill to Congress. "Her office actually drafted the Clean School Bus Act of 2019," Chacon says. The bill didn't advance far, though, and Harris ended up running for president in 2020. "But the need for electric school buses did become a talking point during the primary," Chacon says. "It was something Harris brought to the table, and that [Washington] Governor Jay Inslee brought to the table."

Eventually, when Biden and Harris were elected, they made electric school buses a priority of their administration. Members of the Alliance for Electric School Buses continued to work with members of Congress to help create a program modeled on the Clean School Bus Act. That ultimately became the EPA Clean School Bus Program, a $5 billion program that was part of Biden's signature Bipartisan Infrastructure Law of 2021. Its funding, which ends in fiscal year 2026, is being used to replace diesel school buses with either zero-emission buses (electric) or low-emission buses (alternative fuel buses, powered by propane or natural gas).

Chacon and all the members of the Alliance have been thrilled by how successful the program has been. The EPA has done three funding rounds since April of 2022 and each time, it has been inundated with applications. "To date, the federal government has distributed nearly $3 billion that has resulted in 8,500 new clean school buses," Chacon says. (Some of those are propane or compressed natural gas, but 90 percent of the requests for funds have been for electric school buses.)

One of the grant recipients has been Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD), which passed a resolution last year for full fleet electrification. Daniel Kang, director of transportation for the district, says he currently has 56 electric school buses on the road with another 180 on the way - arriving in increments this fall and winter. "All 180 will be on the road starting April 2025," Kang says.

These 180 electric school buses are expected to remove an estimated 780,000 tons of carbon dioxide from the environment per year. The district will also save a yearly average of $10,000 per bus in maintenance and fuel costs combined (depending on local electric rates, which fluctuate due to demand). That's a total savings of nearly $2 million per year.

The reaction thus far has been very positive, Kang says. Not only is the air surrounding schools and children much cleaner, the buses are quieter. "It's a night-and-day difference," Kang says. "There are some drivers - human nature, opposed to change - who were like, 'I love my diesel - it's powerful, I can go up the mountain.' But once they get in [the electric school bus] it's really hard to deny the benefits because there's less noise, less heat. They're saying the experience is peaceful."

Isaac Aquino, who has driven a bus for LAUSD for the past six years, says he prefers his Lion electric bus to diesel. He loves many things about it, but foremost is how quiet it is. "With the conventional ones that have the hood and the engine up front, the motor is loud. You have your two-way radio on, the kids are making noise - it's hard to hear. It's very rattly in the front," he says. But on the electric model there is no noise. "It's completely silent." That is, except for the chime that turns on automatically when it goes 20 miles per hour or slower, which is a safety feature. (Like electric cars, electric school buses emit a recorded noise to alert pedestrians to their presence.) Aquino knows he and his students are breathing cleaner air because when his electric bus is getting maintenance and he has to take a spare diesel bus for the day and mops his brow with a tissue, he sees dirt on it. "It's like dirty air!" he says. He says the Lion buses also have superior air conditioning systems, which both he and the students appreciate.

Switching 236 buses to electric models comes with some challenges, though. One piece of the puzzle that LAUSD hasn't solved for yet is infrastructure. At the moment, the district only has enough charging stations at its bus yards to charge 56 buses. That was an important learning experience for Kang and his colleagues. In the first round of EPA funding, LAUSD only applied for funding for the buses, but in subsequent rounds, they've requested half of the money go for new buses and the other half for charging stations.

There may also be unanticipated issues once electric bus fleets reach a certain size. When the number of electric buses reaches into the hundreds, some school districts have noticed that charging them all at the same time puts too much pressure on the grid. "The utility partners are saying, 'We didn't know about this but there's a pulsing because there's so much demand,'" Kang says.

Kang thinks it will be sorted out soon. It's just that the technology is so new. "In regards to this large-scale electrification, we're still in the iPhone 2 stage," he says.

There are also sometimes compatibility issues between the buses and the chargers, which are made by different companies. "Sometimes they won't talk. They'll sit all night connected but in the morning the driver finds out it wasn't charging. Everyone is scratching their head: 'Is it the bus? Is it the charging manufacturers?'" Kang says. Because bus manufacturers don't necessarily want to get into making charging stations - a very specialized technology - the industry answer at the moment is to introduce charging management software that will sync up bus and charging station.

Aside from these speed bumps, the greatest limitation of electric buses is that they don't have the longer range that diesel buses do. That's one of the reasons that - for now at least - Kang plans to hold onto some diesel buses. "We gotta keep some of them at our yards because they are the only buses with a 300-mile range," he says. Some of the longer field trips, like from Los Angeles to Bear Mountain, exceed the range for an electric bus (which can get only 150 to 162 miles on one charge). But this may be easily solved by better infrastructure, he says: "In short, we need chargers everywhere."

But for most districts, the range isn't an issue. For the Cherokee Central School System in North Carolina, the longest route is 40 miles. "And we can do both of our runs - morning and afternoon - on one charge," says Donnie Owle, service manager and vice president of the Cherokee Boys Club. The Boys Club, a tribal entity for the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, has six electric buses right now with another 15 on the way - via EPA funding. Their first bus came via the VW settlement money and the next four came from a partnership with Duke Energy, the local electric company. The tribe bought the sixth. "Duke Energy did a pilot program and they're testing using our buses for V2G - vehicle-to-grid," Owle says. That is, they're using the buses, which sit idle for many hours each day, to power the grid during peak energy use times. This practice, which LAUSD is also looking into, could be a win-win for school districts, which would be paid by the electric company for the energy.

As in Los Angeles, Owle says most Cherokee Central School System drivers have been won over by the new buses. "Some of the drivers don't want to drive electric, then when they get on and drive it, they don't want to get out of it!" he says, laughing. They like that the bus accelerates a lot faster, so that pulling out onto the highway is safer, he says. And he echoes LAUSD driver Aquino's appreciation of the quiet: "You can actually hear the kids talk. You can hear what the kids are saying about you!"

In addition to the lack of noise - and the fact that his bus is clean and brand-spanking-new - there's something else Aquino loves about his electric school bus: It's the talk of the town. "Our bumpers and rims are lime-green, so it makes the electric buses stand out. Everybody looks at the bus when we're at a stop sign and you can see them talking about it!"

And it's fun to see the students so excited, too, he says. "Especially if they haven't been on the electric bus before they come in and are like, 'Oh my god! Is this a new bus?'"


Hannah Wallace wrote this article for Reasons to be Cheerful.


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New air pollution standards issued by the Environmental Protection Agency over the past four years should bring $250 billion in economic benefits each year in Colorado and across the U.S., according to a new report.

Rob Wolcott, founding board chair of the Environmental Protection Network and the report's co-author, said the new protections will save more than 200,000 lives.

"In addition to the reductions in premature death, we have the massive reductions in the number of asthma attacks," Wolcott pointed out.

Analysts projected reduced air pollution from industry and tailpipes will lead to 100 million fewer asthma attacks, ensuring fewer missed school days and fewer trips to the emergency room. Walcott noted the economic benefits far exceed any costs associated with compliance with the new standards.

Coloradans living along the Front Range may have to wait for some benefits. The EPA has cited Colorado for not reducing ground-level ozone pollution to levels considered safe.

Report co-author Jeremy Symons, senior adviser for the Environmental Protection Network, warned benefits from the new air pollution standards are not guaranteed. He pointed to Chapter 13 of the Heritage Foundation's Project 2025, written by six former Trump-appointed senior EPA officials, which details plans to roll back key EPA protections.

"By putting polluters in control of our air and water, instead of EPA scientists, Project 2025 would put millions of Americans needlessly at risk from asthma attacks, from cancer, lung disease and heart disease," Symons contended.

Walcott added the new standards are especially critical for those most at risk from air pollution, including children, older Americans and low-income families and communities of color living in the shadows of refineries and highways.

"Communities in particular, that have been subject to sustained, high, cumulative exposures over time, will be the ones to experience the greatest benefits here," he said.


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