By Kate Ruder for KFF Health News.
Broadcast version by Eric Galatas for Colorado News Connection reporting for the KFF Health News-Public News Service Collaboration

During cheerleading practice in April, Jana Duey’s sixth grade daughter, Karter, sustained a concussion when she fell several feet headfirst onto a gym floor mat. Days after, Karter still had a headache, dizziness, and sensitivity to light and noise.

Karter rested for a week and a half at home in Centennial, Colorado, then returned to school when her concussion symptoms were tolerable — initially for just half-days and with accommodations allowing her to do schoolwork on paper instead of a screen and take extra time to get to and from classes. Karter went to the nurse’s office when she had a headache, Duey said. She began physical therapy to rehab her neck and regain her balance after the accident left her unsteady on her feet.

After children get concussions, a top concern for them and their parents or caregivers is when they can go back to sports, said Julie Wilson, Karter’s doctor and a co-director of the Concussion Program at Children’s Hospital Colorado in Aurora. Returning to school as quickly as possible, with appropriate support, and getting light exercise that doesn’t pose a head injury risk are important first steps in concussion recovery, and in line with the latest research.

“It’s really important to get children and teens back to their usual daily activities as soon as possible, and as soon as they can tolerate them,” Wilson said.

In August, the Colorado Department of Education updated guidelines dispelling common myths about concussions, such as a loss of consciousness being necessary for a concussion diagnosis. The revised guidelines reflect evidence-based best practices on how returning to school and exercise can improve recovery. Educating families and schools about the new guidelines is critical, according to medical experts, particularly during autumn’s uptick in concussions from sports such as football and soccer.

More than 2 million children nationwide had been diagnosed at some point with a concussion or brain injury, according to the 2022 National Health Interview Survey. A flurry of studies in the past decade have shown that adolescents recover more quickly from concussions and decrease the risk for prolonged symptoms by exercising lightly, for example on a stationary bike or with a brisk walk, two days after a concussion. That time frame may also be the sweet spot for getting back to the classroom, as long as the kids can tolerate any remaining concussion symptoms.

“Even though the brain is not a muscle, it acts like one and has a use-it-or-lose-it phenomenon,” said Christina Master, a pediatrician and sports medicine and brain injury specialist at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia.

Instead of waiting at home to fully recover, Master said, students should return to school with extra support from teachers and breaks in their schedule to relieve symptoms such as headaches or fatigue, with a goal of gradually doing more.

Every state has return-to-play laws for student-athletes that include policies such as removal from sports, medical clearance to return, and education about concussions. While some states, such as Virginia and Illinois, have “return-to-learn” policies, Colorado is not among them. It and 15 other states have community-based concussion management protocols.

That is what Colorado updated this summer. REAP — which stands for Remove/Reduce; Educate; Adjust/Accommodate; and Pace — is a protocol for families, health care providers, and schools to help students recover during the first four weeks after a concussion. For example, school personnel can use an email-based system to alert teachers that a student sustained a concussion, then send weekly updates with details about how to manage symptoms, like difficulty concentrating.

“We have new protocols to support these kiddos,” said Toni Grishman, senior brain injury consultant at the Colorado Department of Education. “They might still have symptoms of concussion, but we can support them.”

Symptoms of concussion resolve in most patients in the first month. However, patients with ongoing symptoms, called persistent post-concussive symptoms, can benefit from a multidisciplinary care team that may include physicians, physical therapists, psychologists, and additional school support, Wilson said.

David Howell, director of the Colorado Concussion Research Laboratory at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, is studying how children and their families cope with the physical, cognitive, social, and emotional impacts of concussions. In some studies, adolescents wear sensors to measure exercise intensity and volume, as well as common symptoms of concussion, like sleep and balance problems. In others, children and their parents answer questions about their perceptions and expectations of the recovery process.

“What you bring to an injury is oftentimes exacerbated by the injury,” Howell said, citing anxiety, depression, or just going through a difficult time socially. Recovery can be influenced by peer and family relationships.

Duey said the most difficult part of Karter’s recovery was her not being able to participate in cheer for nine weeks, including her team’s final competition in Florida. Karter, now 12, watched practice and supported her teammates in the spring, but missing out tore her up inside, Duey said.

“There were a lot of tears,” Duey said.

While recognizing a concussion and acting quickly can help anyone, in practice, more than half of students in Colorado may slip through the cracks with undiagnosed concussions, according to Grishman’s estimates.

The reasons for missed diagnoses are many, Grishman said, including lack of education, barriers to medical care, parental reluctance to inform schools about a concussion for fear their child will be excluded from activities, or not taking symptoms seriously in a student with a history of behavioral issues.

Getting schools to follow concussion guidelines, in general, is a challenge, Grishman said, adding that some districts still do not. She said it was hard to track the number of schools that followed Colorado education department guidelines last year but hopes improved data collection will provide more specifics this year. During the past school year, Grishman and her colleagues trained 280 school personnel in concussion management across 50 school districts in Colorado.

Whenever possible, athletic trainers should be on the sidelines to support student-athletes, Master said, and athletes should be aware of concussion symptoms in themselves and their teammates and seek care right away.

But concussions are not limited to the school athletic field or sports like football or soccer. Adventure sports like parkour, slacklining, motocross, rodeo, skiing, and snowboarding also pose concussion risks, Wilson and Grishman said. “Cheerleading is actually one that has a lot of concussions associated with it,” Howell added.

Duey said Karter occasionally has headaches, but her balance returned with help from physical therapy and she no longer experiences symptoms of her concussion. She is back to flying with her cheerleading squad and preparing to compete.


Kate Ruder wrote this story for KFF Health News.


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The Alaska branch of the American Heart Association is helping save lives by teaching the use of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillators in rural communities.

In a medical emergency, such as a heart attack, time and distance can be a formidable obstacle in rural Alaska for getting a patient to a hospital. The association said only about 10% of people who suffer a cardiac arrest outside a hospital will survive but access to CPR or a defibrillator can triple those odds.

Kristin George, executive director of the American Heart Association of Alaska, said it is all about keeping the blood flowing.

"The benefit of having CPR and AED education is restarting the heart," George explained. "If we can keep the blood flowing to the heart, then we're not losing any of the parts we need. The reason we do the education is to continue to keep that heart beating."

George noted by 2030, the association plans to visit more than 220 rural Alaskan villages. Each visit will include a hands-only CPR and AED skills session led by a LifeMed Alaska expert. Each town will get a CPR Anytime Training Kit, so residents can practice their skills and teach others.

George pointed out the goal is to increase the number of residents in Alaska's rural communities trained to provide chest compressions or apply an external defibrillator to restart a heart. She emphasized many remote villages in Alaska are detached from the state's road system, meaning it can take a long time for medical help to arrive.

"Any village that's out on the coast or anything like that is going to be pretty much unable to get there without a plane," George observed. "Or if you wanted to take the longest trek of your life and do it sled dog or by snow machine."

George added the Association has set a goal of doubling the survival rate from cardiac arrests in Alaska by 2030. The Foss Family Foundation and LifeMed Alaska are sponsoring the rural Alaska effort.

By Lauren Cohen / Broadcast version by Farah Siddiqi reporting for the Kent State NewsLab-Ohio News Connection Collaboration.

When Derek Calkins woke up in the hospital in January 2021, he couldn’t see or move.

He didn’t have his glasses and his legs and arms weren’t working, he recounted. With tubes coming out of his body and a ventilator in his neck, he couldn’t talk, and he couldn’t discern what was real and what wasn’t.

“I was scared,” Calkins said. “I didn’t know what was going on. No one was coming in.”

He later learned that after a successful planned surgery on Dec. 1, 2020, he aspirated fluid into his lungs and had to have an emergency surgery. Although it was successful, Calkins’ oxygen levels were still low. Then he tested positive for COVID-19 and was moved to the intensive care unit at another hospital.

As it was the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, that hospital had implemented a no-visitor policy. Calkins said he was incredibly disoriented, going in and out of consciousness due to pain medications, and craving human contact — but couldn’t have someone there in person to advocate for him.

Legislation that took effect last month would prevent others from experiencing what Calkins did, proponents say.

“Never Alone Act” prohibits denial of a patient advocate during public health emergencies

The “Never Alone Act,” or H.B. 236, was introduced by Ohio State Reps. Melanie Miller (R-City of Ashland) and Beth Lear (R-Galena) and signed into law by Gov. Mike DeWine in December. It went into effect March 20.

The bill passed in the Ohio House of Representatives with a unanimous vote of 89-0. It “prohibits a congregate care setting from denying a patient or resident access to an advocate during public health emergencies.” 

Miller said in a press release that her awareness of the need for patient rights protection inspired her to sponsor the bill. Neither sponsor returned requests for comment.

Susan Wallace, president of the nonprofit trade group LeadingAge Ohio, which represents roughly 375 aging service operators in Ohio, said her organization created the first draft of the protocol when they brought families back together in visitation during the pandemic.

“There was a concern from a number of groups, including the sponsor lawmakers,” Wallace said. “They wanted to make sure that never happens again, that kind of separation. So, they drafted this bill.”

Preventing isolation

The Ohio Laws & Administrative Rules Legislative Service Commission has a bill of rights for nursing home and residential care facility residents. It includes the right to private visits at any reasonable hour and unrestricted communications with a resident’s family.

Wallace said the new law will add an extra layer of protection for patient rights, though it won’t have a day-to-day impact because emergency pandemic orders are not in effect anymore.

“Having connections to loved ones is always important,” she said. “Our nursing facilities are not cut off from the world, they're nested within the communities, and they are extensions of the family, and so anything that we can do to preserve those connections is really important.”

Physical and mental consequences of isolation

Calkins said the isolation he experienced in the ICU took a major toll on him.

Eventually, he said his wife was allowed one-hour visits, and when he was transferred to a long-term care facility in early February, she was able to come once per week.

“I had a little clock by the TV,” Calkins said. “I would seriously stare at the clock waiting for that one hour she could come in. It was bad.”

After being moved to a rehab unit, his wife could visit daily.

“One day, she took my kids in front of the hospital, and I could see them through the window,” he said. “Both my girls were crying because they couldn’t visit me, but at least they saw me.”

Mary Malek, a Twinsburg-based clinical psychologist who specializes in medical trauma, said visitation restrictions took a toll on healthcare workers as well as patients.

“The collateral damage of this… no one is unaffected,” Malek said. “You’re trained to save lives. You’re trained to go in to be able to do your job … and it came at a high cost.”

She said she had experience with emergency medical technicians, first responders and physicians who lost their jobs or were threatened with their medical licenses for going against the mandate. In the future, she said she hopes people will be better protected.

In addition to his social isolation, Calkins said because he wasn’t shifted in his bed as often as he needed to be, he developed multiple bed sores. His legs and arms wouldn’t work properly since they were left in one position for so long.

He believes if his wife had been allowed to be there, she would have advocated for him to be taken care of properly. He said H.B. 236 gives him hope that nobody else will have to go through what he went through.

“Having someone there and being able to talk to them and being able to describe to you what’s going on, that helps tremendously,” he said. “You’re no longer alone.”


This collaboration is produced in association with Media in the Public Interest and funded in part by the George Gund Foundation.


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Law enforcement officers and drug prevention advocates in Missouri are joining forces to tackle prescription drug misuse.

As part of the Drug Enforcement Administration's "National Prescription Drug Take Back Day," five collection sites will be set up across Taney and Stone counties on April 26.

Data from two years ago showed around 190,000 Missourians misused opioids, including 180,000 who misused prescription pain relievers.

Marietta Hagan, project coordinator at Cox Health, warned prescription drug misuse contributes heavily to opioid use disorder.

"People would get prescription medication that didn't belong to them as easy as walking into their parent's medicine cabinet and pulling it out of there, or pulling it out of the side night table at bedtime," Hagan explained.

Volunteers will be at the sites offering free safety tips and disposal kits, making it easy for families to clear out their medicine cabinets.

Hagan emphasized "Drug Take Back Day" is about more than just safe disposal. It is also a reminder to store medications properly to prevent misuse. She shared guidance on how to safely get rid of unwanted medications.

"Previously government agencies had encouraged actually the flushing of medications," Hagan noted. "But we now know thanks to environmental science, that is not recommended. Those medications end up in our water supply, in our lakes and our streams."

Most prescription and over-the-counter medications will be accepted, including pills, patches, and vapes without batteries. National Prescription Drug Take Back Day is held twice a year, typically in April and October.


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