BOISE, Idaho – A new study says Western U.S. states could follow the Southeast's lead to reduce wildfire risk.

Crystal Kolden, an associate professor of fire science at the University of Idaho, analyzed the use of prescribed burns across the country between 1998 and 2018, and found the Southeast used more than twice the amount of prescribed burns as the rest of the country.

The region also saw fewer acres burned in wildfires during that time. Kolden says the West has different vegetation, climates and population centers, but still believes the Southeast model could work here.

"The thing that makes prescribed fire work in the Southeast is how people approach the problem, and how that approach has been dealt with on the policy and the regulatory side,” says Kolden. “And that is something that we can absolutely emulate in the West."

Kolden credits much of the Southeast's success to collaboration between federal agencies, states and even private companies and landowners. She says funds in the West are being diverted from prescribed burning in order to fight intense wildfire seasons, which hurts longer-term efforts to deal with this threat.

The U.S. Forest Service is warning that more than a billion acres could burn across the U.S. this season.

The research found the Bureau of Indian Affairs was the only federal agency to substantially increase its use of prescribed fire over the 21-year study period.

Sam Scranton with the BIA says the approach has worked to mitigate the wildfire threat. He says there's 57 million burnable acres on BIA land, and nearly 10 million are at high risk.

Prescribed burns have other uses too, such as recycling nutrients to make healthier landscapes for plants and animals. Scranton also notes Native Americans have used this method for generations.

"The land source is a source of the tribes' spiritual, cultural, emotional, economic substance,” says Scranton. “So they have a great dependency upon the land, and they want to take care of it for future generations."

The University of Idaho research says the BIA devoted between 50% and 80% of its fire suppression budget to prescribed burns in the past five years, while other federal agencies' commitments never exceeded 25%.


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New funds will help plug abandoned oil and gas wells in the Keystone State, and should boost the region's economy in the process.

It is a big job, since there are about 8,900 so-called "orphan" wells in the state, according to the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection.

The state has been awarded $25 million in federal funding from the bipartisan infrastructure bill.

Ted Boettner with the Ohio River Valley Institute said the bids have closed on five projects to plug 79 wells, totaling about $5.8 million.

"And the average cost per well is about $74,000, which is about $6,000 more than the Pennsylvania DEP originally estimated," Boettner explained. "They're also looking at additional wells to plug, so they'll be putting more invitations to qualify, and more bids out soon for companies to bid on, to plug wells."

The Department of Environmental Protection is now accepting bids for five more packages to plug a total of 84 more wells in rural Armstrong, Venango and Washington counties. The agency will also use $5 million in state funds, from legislation passed last year, creating a sustainable plan for plugging abandoned wells.

Boettner explained many of the orphan wells are old, and their operators are no longer around to seal them up. He said some are leaking dangerous amounts of methane, a pollutant 80 times stronger than carbon dioxide over a 20-year period. Boettner added installing cement plugs and mud will not only help the environment, but also the local economy.

"The idea of plugging these wells and boosting employment in the oil-and-gas industry - especially in rural, distressed areas, where these wells are located - can help create good-paying jobs, in mostly rural areas in Pennsylvania, and it could also be reducing pollution at the same time."

He estimates every $120,000 spent plugging abandoned wells creates one job, for one year. It is a plus in areas where there are fewer fossil-fuel industry jobs in recent years.

A northeast Nebraska farming operation is starting the new year with an even bigger commitment to conservation, and they hope other farms take note.

Cover cropping and organic farming are already practiced by the Winnebago Tribe's Ho-Chunk Farms. And through the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Natural Resources Conservation Service "Eqip" program, they will add more conservation practices this year.

Aaron LaPointe, senior farm manager for Ho-Chunk Farms in Winnebago, said they've enrolled all 3,500 of their irrigated acres into a technology-driven water conservation program, known as the WaterSmart Initiative.

"There's lots of equipment that will inform you on your groundwater levels, which alerts you when to irrigate at the optimal time, using the least amount of water," LaPointe explained. "And also, if you're overwatering, that brings more of an issue when you start talking about leeching of different pesticides and herbicides, and getting things into our groundwater."

The USDA shares the upfront costs of water meters, soil-moisture probes, weather stations, and inspecting irrigation pumps to be sure they are functioning properly. LaPointe emphasized they are confident it will be a good long-term investment, both for water and soil health.

LaPointe noted they have also enrolled all their irrigated acres into another federal program to monitor their herbicide and pesticide use.

"It allows you to efficiently use a certain amount of chemical that you need to kill weeds without overdoing it," LaPointe pointed out. "Because any excess that you spray could eventually end up in groundwater or causing other issues in other things."

Ho-Chunk Farms is part of the Winnebago Tribe's economic development corporation. It will plant nearly 7,000 acres this year. Among those, 1,000 will be cover crops, and another 1,000 will have organically certified crops.

LaPointe hopes their successes will encourage other farmers to take a look at what the USDA offers.

"We, personally, might sit here and say, 'Well, is our 3,500 acres really making a difference?' But if you start inspiring more people to do it, now you're starting to make some real change," LaPointe remarked. "If there is somebody that's going to kind of set the trend and inspire people to maybe move in that direction, I think it should be us."

By Katie Watkins for Houston Public Media.
Broadcast version by Roz Brown for Texas News Service reporting for the Solutions Journalism Network-Public News Service Collaboration

On a muggy Monday morning at Exploration Green in Clear Lake, walkers are on trails that meander along natural-looking ponds. Red-winged Blackbirds chirp in the distance and rabbits hide in the tall grasses and reeds.

It’s a public greenspace and nature preserve — it’s also a massive flood detention project.

"What you’ll see most of the time is just a square hole in the ground with a chain link fence around it, and it really doesn’t support much in the way of life," said David Sharp with the Exploration Green Conservancy. "You can see this is nothing like that."

Construction on the $43 million project’s fifth and final retention pond is set to wrap up next year. During storms, the five ponds will each be able to hold 100 million gallons of floodwater. Once they’re full, the water will slowly drain into the bayous.

"The whole design of the retention ponds is to slow down the flow of water so you don’t get that surge of water hitting the local bayous," said Sharp.

When it’s not raining, the site’s ponds contain water to support native plant and animal life. There are six miles of walking trails looping around them, thousands of native trees and 200 different native plant species.

The project is a collaboration between the conservancy and the Clear Lake City Water Authority. It first started in 2005, according to John Branch, the president of the water authority’s Board of Directors.

Branch said flooding was getting worse in Clear Lake, so they hired a consultant who recommended putting in detention ponds. There was an abandoned golf course that seemed like the perfect location, and they wanted to do something unique. So, they held a town hall.

Ideas started piling in: wetlands to help clean the water, hike and bike trails, a bird habitat island.

"We’ve got a lot of talent in the Clear Lake area — rocket scientists and people that are great at coming up with ideas," said Branch.

But not everyone was on board.

"People didn’t think it would work," he said. Some people wanted to develop the land. Others feared the water would turn it into a breeding ground for mosquitoes.

Harvey put the project to the test. When it hit in 2017, the first pond was nearly complete.

"I couldn’t wait for the street water to go down long enough so I could hop in my pickup [truck] and come over and see, is it really working?" Branch said.

And he wasn’t disappointed. The pond filled with stormwater, and based on insurance claims that had been filed during previous flood events, Branch said they estimated it saved 150 homes.

Beverly DeMoss lived in one of those homes. She said flooding from a storm in 2015 damaged her house when water seeped under the carpet.

"It was a major mess," she said.

But her house stayed dry during Harvey. Shortly after, DeMoss said she saw John Branch with the Clear Lake City Water Authority at church.

"I went up and hugged him and said ‘John, you saved my house,’" she said.

When all five phases of Exploration Green are complete next year it will be able to hold half a billion gallons of water during storms — enough to save about 2,000 homes from flooding.

Exploration Green is frequently cited as one of the best examples of green infrastructure — both locally and nationally. Unlike traditional gray infrastructure which uses concrete to quickly channel floodwaters into local water bodies, green infrastructure uses or mimics nature to slow down, absorb and filter rainwater where it falls.

Green projects aren’t always prioritized for funding, but that’s changing. Federal agencies like FEMA, the Army Corps of Engineers, and the EPA, all have guides on how to incorporate nature-based solutions. And around Houston, nature-based projects have been gaining traction as a way to tackle the region’s flooding issues, while also providing public greenspace.

"We’re seeing around the world, there’s more of an emphasis on these nature-based systems for flood mitigation," said Danielle Goshen with the National Wildlife Federation’s Texas Coast & Water program.

She said with nature-based solutions, the ecosystem is the infrastructure— whether that’s through preserving a big tract of land or recreating nature in an urban environment, like with Exploration Green.

"Nature has an amazing ability to be able to store, slow and soak water into the ground," she said.

Beyond flood mitigation, green infrastructure comes with a lot of co-benefits. It can also be a recreational space and a wildlife habitat. It can improve water and air quality, capture carbon, reduce urban heat, and minimize erosion.

"Unfortunately, through all the development that’s occurred, and the way that it’s occurred in the Houston area, we’ve massively disrupted nature’s ability to be able to provide those benefits," said Goshen.

The Natural Sponge

When settlers first arrived in Southeast Texas, native prairies and wetlands stretched for miles, their tall grasses in an array of colors billowing in the wind, grazed on by herds of buffalo. Nature’s original sponge.

Of the 6.5 million acres of prairies that once existed along the Texas Coast, less than 1 percent remain today, according to Houston Wilderness. From 1992-2010, as the population of Greater Houston skyrocketed, it lost at least 5.5% of its natural freshwater wetlands, according to another study by Texas A&M Agrilife. The researchers say that number is unsustainable.

"Some areas experienced loss at rates that are catastrophic," wrote the researchers. "For example, Harris County lost almost 30 percent of its freshwater wetlands, including most prominently the iconic prairie pothole-pimple mound complexes."

Groups like the Coastal Prairie Conservancy have worked to preserve the remaining prairies and restore additional land, according to Mary Anne Piacentini, president of the Coastal Prairie Conservancy.

"Our hope is that it’s wild enough that people understand this might have been what it was like in terms of historic prairie," she said, while standing on their restored Indiangrass preserve in Waller County. "But it’s hard to recreate nature, so it’s never going to be totally pristine."

Piacentini said their goal is to conserve 30,000 acres of the Katy Prairie. So far they’ve preserved about half that.

"The cost of the land has gone up exponentially," she said. "When we first started buying land, it was about $800 an acre. Now the land is anywhere from $10-$15,000 an acre."

Piacentini said they think preserving and restoring prairie should be a key part of the region’s flood mitigation strategy, particularly as development continues to expand westward.

"Our lands cannot eliminate flooding, but they can help reduce flooding," she said.

There are numerous reasons why the prairie landscape is so good at flood mitigation. The roots, the topography, the plants themselves all work together to help slow down and absorb water.

"People think of a prairie as flat, but the truth is, it’s not flat," Piacentini said. Prairies have micro depressions, known as potholes, and small mounds, known as pimple mounds. This uneven topography helps slow down floodwaters.

"As you can imagine, if you were trying to run water through this, it would be a lot harder here than it would be if we were putting water on a flat surface," Piacentini said.

Tall, native prairie grasses also have roots as long as 15 feet. And when those roots go down into the soil they create passageways for water to infiltrate. On top of that, the grasses themselves can also hold water.

"The first inch of rain

sometimes is actually on the plant above the ground," said Piacentini.

The prairie landscape also includes wetlands, which retain additional water. One acre of wetland habitat can store about 1-1.5 million gallons of water, according to the EPA.

Wetlands are also really good at improving water quality and filtering out pollutants.

"Wetlands are called nature’s kidneys for a reason," said Piacentini.

Improving water quality

This ability to improve water quality is particularly important in urban areas, and one of the key co-benefits of using green infrastructure for flood control. When it rains, pollutants like fertilizer, dog poop and other chemicals get into the waterways and can end up in Galveston Bay.

"What we look at is do these nature based solutions enhance water quality by treating bacteria?" said Roberto Vega, an environmental quality section leader with the Harris County Flood Control. "Does it remove that pollutant, from the waterway and when we discharge from our facility is that water coming out cleaner than it came in?"

That’s why Harris County Flood Control is piloting a project to build floating wetlands inside detention ponds. The current pilot is set up at a pond at the University of Houston Clear Lake Campus, where Flood Control has installed three floating structures that can support plant life.

The plants have completely overgrown the man made elements, giving them the appearance of naturally existing islands in the middle of the pond. Turtles, herons, and other wildlife have also taken over.

Vega said when it rains, the islands rise with the water instead of being inundated.

"So the root system, which actually can be 10, 12, 13 feet long, is rising with that, and it’s actually interacting with 13 feet of water column," he said. "So it’s having a better contact that’s treating the bacteria."

And because the structures are floating they can be moved around using canoes and strategically placed to treat water where it’s needed.

"If you only have wetlands at the water’s edge, you’re only getting treatment at that point," Vega said.

He said so far the results show the floating wetlands are highly effective at removing bacteria.

Next, Flood Control plans to test them at a larger detention basin where each floating island will be 3,000 square feet — roughly 10 times the size of the current pilot project.

Small scale solutions

Green solutions can also be scaled way down, and applied at individual sites to reduce street flooding or site-specific flooding issues.

"Rain gardens are probably one of the smallest and cheapest things that you can build to have an effect," said Robert Snoza with the Harris County Flood Control District.

Snoza is heading a pilot project to build five rain gardens on lots across the county that were bought out after the homes there repeatedly flooded. The rain gardens themselves will only take up about 10% of the lots and look like standard flower gardens.

"The area will be mulched and there will be intermittent plants," Snoza said, standing at the site of a future rain garden in Northwest Houston, in the Cypress Creek watershed.

The key is that the garden will be depressed to collect stormwater. The compact soil will also be replaced with looser soil to allow the roots to grow deeper.

"It will in certain smaller storm events just not be a burden on or not add anything to the storm sewer system that everybody else is using," Snoza said.

The topography of the rest of the site will help lead the water into the rain garden. Flood Control also plans to have signage to educate people on how to build a simple rain garden on their own property.

"One rain garden is not going to do much for anything but this right here," Snoza said. "But what if 25% of the people in Houston had a rain garden on their property? I think it would have a pretty big effect."

Ensuring equity

When it comes to green solutions, advocates say involving the community in the planning is key — that’s part of what made the Exploration Green project so successful. And what works for one community might not meet the needs of another.

In low-income communities, in particular, it’s important to talk about the many years of infrastructure disinvestment, according to Ayanna Jolivet Mccloud, the Executive Director of Bayou City Waterkeeper.

"You first have to acknowledge that there’s inequities around gray infrastructure, particularly around stormwater planning and flood infrastructure," Mccloud said. "If you come and try to solve the solution around green infrastructure without acknowledging inequities around gray infrastructure, then it’s not a holistic approach."

Mccloud said it’s important to have both gray and green solutions be a part of the conversation.

"So often it’s either we have to advocate for gray infrastructure, or we have to advocate for green infrastructure. But in a city like Houston, I believe that has to be both," she said.

Mccloud also said nature-based infrastructure doesn’t always have a positive connotation for all communities. She grew up in Houston and said in her neighborhood people associated open-ditch drainage with nature-based infrastructure.

"Unfortunately, usually that natural infrastructure is in predominantly Black and Brown communities, and it creates a lot of health issues in those communities," she said. "We have to rethink the framing so that it can be more inclusive, and then we can center more community voices."

Mccloud also said it’s critical to ensure green solutions don’t lead to green gentrification, which is what happens when green amenities raise property values and push out long-time residents.

But even with the challenges, she believes Houston’s diverse ecosystem offers the opportunity to be creative with green solutions.

"Because we are on the frontlines of climate change, we have to really think innovatively and work with nature in this way," she said.

Hurricane Harvey already showed just how powerful climate change is making storms. Some areas got 50 inches of rain, and studies show heavier rainfall is one of the hallmarks of climate change.

And with more and more water, many experts say we will need to create additional greenspace and move people out of harm’s way.

"I think we will learn to live with more water moving through the city. Eventually we’ll have to make more space. The rivers, the bayous and streams are just going to demand more area to convey more water," said Jim Blackburn, the co-director of Rice’s SSPEED Center, which studies flooding in the region. "As part of this making room for water, we just ought not to be living that close to the waterways."