Trees in urban areas provide a number of benefits, from shade to cleaner air. Authors of a new assessment hope Puget Sound cities and towns will keep that in mind as the region sees rapid growth.

The Urban Tree Canopy Assessment provides planning resources so forest managers can better prioritize where they plant trees in central Puget Sound. Hannah Kett, urban program director for The Nature Conservancy in Washington, which led efforts on the report, said the goal of the assessment is to provide tree-planting tools for the region.

"Also to share, really, a model for regions in Washington state and across the U.S. of how a regional urban canopy assessment and tool development worked," she said, "and what to consider if you're doing a similar project."

The assessment was a result of a three-year partnership with organizations including Davey Tree, American Forests and City Forest Credits.

Funds for the project came from the U.S. Forest Service and were administered through the Washington State Department of Natural Resources. Ben Thomspon, the DNR's urban and community forestry program manager, said lower-income neighborhoods often have fewer trees and can suffer the consequences - such as more urban heat islands and more flooding from increased stormwater runoff.

"You get this kind of one-two punch, where the lower income residents in areas without tree canopy are not reaping the benefits that trees provide - including clean air, clean water, cooler environment," he said, "but then, they're also getting the increased impacts from the adverse conditions that result from not having tree canopy."

The assessment also includes a climate species guide for trees that will be resilient to climate change. Thompson said successful street trees can live for decades.

"Most of the time when we plant trees, it goes beyond our own lifespans," he said. "So, if we're installing trees today, we need to make sure that the trees we're planting today are going to be resilient to the climate that we can ostensibly predict, to the best of our ability, in the future."

Thompson said there are three types of trees to focus on as the climate changes, including native species, resilient species that can weather climate stressors and trees from more southerly climates as conditions get warmer. He said it's important to diversify the trees planted in urban areas.

A new report found nearly all Missouri coal plants are releasing toxins into the local groundwater.

The report from two nonprofits, the Environmental Integrity Project and Earthjustice, showed improper storage of waste material from coal-fired power plants is causing unsafe levels of groundwater contamination at 91% of U.S. coal plants.

The Environmental Protection Agency implemented the Coal Ash Rule in 2015, requiring power plants to monitor local groundwater and regulating safe storage of the byproducts of coal combustion.

Patricia Schuba, president of the Labadie Environmental Organization, said leaking ash disposal sites have been an issue in Missouri for decades, and the EPA needs to be proactive.

"Communities like mine would like the EPA to step up, start investigating these sites and enforce the rule," Schuba asserted. "I think it needs to come from EPA. Our state regulators here in Missouri bend over backwards to accommodate the polluters."

The Edison Electric Institute, a trade association representing U.S. investor-owned electric companies, said as producers begin to close basins where coal ash is stored, they are doing so "in ways that put safety first, protect the environment, minimize impacts to the community and manage costs for customers."

The EPA has established ash-disposal sites need to have a plastic liner and a layer of compacted soil in order to prevent groundwater contamination. But the requirements to retrofit ash disposal sites to correct groundwater contamination currently applies only to ash dumps active when the coal ash rule went into effect in 2015. Older sites were allowed to be closed without changing the soil underneath, or adding a plastic barrier.

Schuba argued sites like the one near her need to be dug up and cleaned up.

"EPA needs to act on this. We can't get this corrected quick enough," Schuba contended. "And for a place like Labadie, you have to go in, find the pollution, and tell the utility they need to dig up the waste, put it in a lined landfill and remediate the land, so just dewatering it, you can't dewater in a flood plain."

The Coal Ash rule requires groundwater wells be dug and tested near ash disposal sites, which has enabled reporting on the amount of groundwater contamination at each site.

"I would think anybody who lives in a community near one of those plants should not be drinking their water, and that's sad because we're all dependent on groundwater," Schuba emphasized. "Most Missourians drink groundwater, and if not, they're drinking water from the river where this pollution is washing out into."

Coal ash toxins in water are tasteless, odorless, and can't be seen.

The state Coastal Conservancy will vote next week on a strategic plan
to guide how hundreds of millions of taxpayer dollars get spent over the next five years. The future of California's 1,100 coastline is at stake.

Liliana Griego, senior coastal program manager with Audubon California, said funds should go to projects that play to the strengths of indigenous people's knowledge and connection to the land.

"We're emphasizing equity, specifically to ensure that tribes are receiving long-term funding for co-management of various coastal habitats, with the end goal of returning ancestral lands to tribes," Griego said.

California Audubon, The Pew Charitable Trusts and Coastal Policy Solutions submitted public comments on the draft plan - asking that accessibility for under-served communities be prioritized - including programs to improve public transit opportunities and provide multilingual signage.

Griego said the Conservancy also should fund programs that combat the effects of climate change on the coast.

"Sea-level rise is a major threat," she said, "and so we really want to see land get acquired more inland so that as the sea levels are rising, wetlands are able to have room to migrate inland."

The groups are also promoting so-called "blue carbon" programs to restore coastal habitats such as wetlands, tidal marsh and eelgrass beds with native plants that sequester carbon as they grow, provide a buffer for sea level rise, and rebuild habitat for birds migrating on the Pacific Flyway.

Community members and conservation groups recently toured a former paper mill because of urgent concerns that the site poses a threat to a nearby Montana river.

The Smurfit-Stone Mill near Missoula operated from 1957 to 2010, leaving behind pollutants that continue to leak into the nearby Clark Fork River.

In 2020, the state expanded a fish consumption advisory to a 100 mile stretch on the river.

Elena Evans, environmental health manager for the Missoula City County Health Department, was part of last week's tour.

She said berms separate industrial waste from the Clark Fork over a four mile stretch and cover 380 acres of the river's floodplain.

"The berms cause concern for folks downstream," said Evans, "leaving unlined dumps and landfills and sludge ponds that are impacting our EPA-designated sole source aquifer, and so that's why we had a tour."

Evans said the site also is an issue for Missoula's drinking water.

She said she hopes that by voicing their concerns during the US Environmental Protection Agency's investigation phase of the Superfund site, officials will incorporate the outcomes the community is looking for - such as restoring the Clark Fork floodplain.

In 2018, higher-than-average spring runoff caused part of the berms to erode and released toxic waste into the river.

Julia Crocker, community programs coordinator with the Clark Fork Coalition, was also part of last week's tour.

She said there's anxiety over what an even larger event could do to the waste stored behind those berms.

"As we've seen these large floods happen more and more frequently due to the changing climate," said Crocker, "there's a possibility that if we were to have an episode that happened on Yellowstone here, all of that would get pushed into the Clark Fork."

David Brooks is the executive director of Montana Trout Unlimited and was on last week's tour as well.

His organization is part of a study that will start in 2023 and look at fish and water quality near the former mill to determine the scope and scale of contaminants on the river.

Brooks said this is a critical issue for Montanans.

"People recreate in the river," said Brooks. "People eat fish out of the river. And so even absent a catastrophic event, this is a long term concern for water quality, fish and people."

The effect of toxins in the area also is a concern for the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes, whose ancestral land lies within the 100-mile fish consumption advisory area.

Tribal members rely on subsistence fishing and have been leading efforts for a proper cleanup of the former mill site.