Colleges and universities are trying to figure out what's next after last week's 6-3 decision by the U.S. Supreme Court striking down affirmative action in higher education.

Affirmative action's implementation gave minorities a slight advantage through their race to be accepted into certain colleges and universities. It was approved one year after the Civil Rights Act of 1964, but public opinion has been mixed in the decades since. Some polls find Americans of different races aren't as much in favor of the policy as they once were. Others show a large majority wanted it to remain intact.

Rosemary Rivera, executive director of the group Citizen Action of New York, described what affirmative action was seen as for some.

"I don't think it was like an aim for people to use affirmative action, it was just an insurance," Rivera explained. "It's almost like a security blanket, like, 'Yup, I am going to be seen, and I need to be seen because I have to struggle harder,' and our education systems are lacking in many ways."

From here, she wants to see people organize rallies in the hope of getting state elected officials to ensure some semblance of affirmative action remains intact.

A legal complaint was filed by activists against Harvard University. The complaint argues legacy admissions should end given they helped an overwhelming majority of wealthy white students gain admission to the school, which a 2019 study affirmed.

In the majority opinion, Chief Justice John Roberts found the admissions programs at Harvard University and the University of North Carolina violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. While society has changed quite a bit since affirmative action was first enacted, racism hasn't.

Rivera argued in spite of progress, programs such as affirmative action are still necessary.

"Until racism is eradicated in our policies, institutional racism is eradicated, then yes, I'd still believe we are going to need policies that help Black, brown and low-income people actually thrive," Rivera asserted.

She noted ending affirmative action could invite a return to policies providing intentionally disparate impacts to minority students. Numerous states rescinded affirmative action policies prior to the ruling, and most of them saw large declines in Black, Latino and Indigenous students on college campuses.

Rivera pointed out misconceptions and misunderstandings about affirmative action have clouded opinions on it. One in particular is the idea affirmative action allowed minorities to take another person's spot at a college or university. Rather, she said it is about providing equitable access to higher education.

"We're trying to fight for an equitable world," Rivera explained. "Where students who have faced discrimination and whose parents and grandparents and ancestors faced discrimination are given the same opportunity and access to the education that has been historically denied."

She noted colleges and universities will have to take it upon themselves to ensure their campuses remain diverse, something many college students believe is beneficial to their education.

A 2022 BestColleges survey found more than half of students feel racial and ethnic diversity improves the learning environment and the social experience of campus life.

Support for this reporting was provided by Lumina Foundation.

Indiana is rolling out a series of new education laws aimed at helping students succeed in and beyond the classroom.

The changes affect everything from attendance and academics to teacher pay and cybersecurity.

Tami Silverman, president and CEO of the nonprofit Indiana Youth Institute, said lawmakers responded to schools' concerns about chronic absenteeism.

"It was exciting to see that the legislature was really listening to the schools," Silverman explained. "Because we've heard, and schools have said repeatedly, that chronic absenteeism continues to be an issue."

New laws require schools to clearly define excused absences, publish attendance policies and offer better student support. High schoolers can now earn an Enrollment Honors Plus seal, combining academics, life skills and work experience. Students who earn it will be guaranteed admission to Indiana's public colleges.

Some educators said the new requirements may strain already limited school resources, especially in smaller districts that face staffing or funding challenges.

Silverman noted the changes are designed to help more students succeed, by doing such things as streamlining applications for college admission, military financial aid and paid internship programs.

"This is really exciting because we do know that sometimes those application processes can be a barrier," Silverman observed. "We want to remove those by setting kids up for success in high school."

Other laws raise the minimum teacher salary to $45,000 dollars, expand access to paid internships and require math screenings in early grades. Cybersecurity upgrades will be phased in by 2027.


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Many Texas students lose nearly 40% of what they learned during the year on summer break.

A new program in Arlington is helping kids avoid the "summer slide" by engaging them with creative projects which extend into the new school year.

Monroe Farbes, a 16-year-old International Baccalaureate participant, recently landed at the top of Amazon's list of young adult poetry with her new book "All I Know." She said the goal she set for herself last summer was to learn how to publish a book.

"Choosing to learn something and creating a product based off of what I learned, it helped me to learn critical thinking skills, research skills, time management skills, communications skills that were really, really useful," Farbes explained.

The International Baccalaureate program aims to prepare students for the future with real-world skills, global awareness and a love for learning, not just memorizing facts. After writing her first 20 poems last summer, the program gave Farbes time during the school day to write 35 more and then complete the formatting, marketing and other challenges involved with self-publishing.

There are many ways parents can help students avoid learning losses over the summer, and the Texas School for the Deaf offered tips. They recommended kids get outside and away from screens and they suggested parents give kids everyday lessons, like asking them to estimate the final bill while grocery shopping.

Farbes encouraged other young people to take on creative projects and to be curious about the world around them. She noted by the time you get to the end of her book, you realize the main character does not know everything.

"And that's OK, she's figuring it out," Farbes stressed. "Sometimes all you know is that you are just on your process to figuring it out. But make sure you remember everything that you learn."

Farbes's collection includes insights into the complexities of biracial identity, the joys of summer and sisterhood and the challenges of gardening. Here she reads her title poem, "All I Know."

"Familiar with myself, is the greatest gift on the shelf. Comfort in my own skin, who I am within, is all I'll have in the end. In that end, past all time, will I still be able to look myself in the eye?"


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Proposed federal legislation would expand school choice options for families to send their students to private schools or home educate them and the move could affect Arizona's current scholarship accounts.

Public school officials are pushing back. While Arizona parents can already get reimbursed for private and homeschool expenses, the Educational Choice for Children Act would create a tax credit for a similar purpose.

Brian Jodice, national press secretary for the American Federation for Children, said the measure is not a voucher program but a donor-driven initiative to provide families with more schooling options.

"It doesn't impact state budgets. It doesn't impact the federal budget. It allows people to donate to these scholarship granting organizations and get a tax credit, so (it) incentivizes the donors to go do that, which we think is a good thing," Jodice explained. "It also incentivizes families to be able to go apply for it and let their students benefit from it."

The Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy said at least 138 million people nationwide could be eligible for the tax credit. States must opt in to participate.

Arizona public education officials have said its private school funding comes at the expense of K-12 schools. Demand for the program far outpaced what the state had budgeted in the first year alone and demand has continued to grow.

Maura McInerney, legal director at the Education Law Center, called the national program a tax shelter to benefit wealthy people at the expense of public schools.

"We've seen this occur in other states and there's no accountability for these dollars and how they're spent," McInerney pointed out. "The only criterion for receiving a voucher is actually a high family income limit. So essentially this money will potentially benefit students who are already in private schools."

The nationwide program would cost the federal government at least $100 billion per year.


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