En Missouri y en todo el país, las personas con discapacidades viven en instituciones cuando podrían vivir exitosamente en la comunidad, con el apoyo adecuado. De acuerdo a la Ley de Estadounidenses con Discapacidades de 1990, incluso pueden ser víctimas de discriminación. El abogado M. Geron Gadd, del Programa Nacional de Leyes de Salud, dice que la aplicación "revitalizadora" de la ADA y la decisión de Olmstead del Departamento de Salud y Servicios Humanos de los EE. UU. muestra que las personas aún sufren este tipo de discriminación. Y tienen derecho a buscar recursos legales.
"Para las personas con una variedad de discapacidades, existe un mecanismo legal bajo la ley federal que les da derecho a ser atendidos en sus hogares y en otros entornos comunitarios, en lugar de estar esencialmente encerrados en instituciones," enfatizó Gadd.
La decisión Olmstead de la Corte Suprema de 1999 afirmó que la ADA requiere que las personas con discapacidades sean atendidas en el entorno más integrado apropiado para ellas. La persona, un miembro de la familia o algún interesado puede presentar una demanda por discriminación. Gadd señala que se requiere que cada estado tenga una organización de defensa para brindar asistencia legal a las personas con discapacidades. En Missouri, son los Servicios de Defensa y Protección.
Gadd explica que otra consecuencia importante de la decisión de Olmstead es la aclaración de que una persona no tiene que estar institucionalizada para presentar un reclamo por discriminación.
"Si corre el riesgo de ser internado innecesariamente, entonces puede tomar medidas en virtud de la ADA para obtener los servicios en el entorno más integrado y adecuado a sus necesidades," insistió también Gadd.
Además indica que los estados que afirman no poder pagar los servicios comunitarios no los eximen de este requisito bajo ADA.
Cuando Diana Willard, de Missouri, era joven, algunos le dijeron a sus padres que debería ser internada en una institución cuando su examen develó una discapacidad del desarrollo. En cambio, su familia la ayudó a prosperar. Willard se convirtió en asistente de enfermería certificada, trabajó a tiempo completo durante años y sirvió en el Consejo de Discapacidades del Desarrollo de Missouri. Ella alienta a los padres de niños con discapacidades intelectuales y del desarrollo a que no los detengan.
"Las personas con discapacidades del desarrollo tienen derecho a vivir una vida en la mayor medida posible. A medida que crecen, se les debe permitir la transición a la edad adulta," analizó Willard.
Los reclamos por discriminación también se pueden presentar ante la Oficina de Derechos Civiles del Departamento de Salud y Servicios Humanos de EE. UU.
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A Wisconsin nonprofit serving people with disabilities is waiting to hear if federal changes to Medicaid will affect their clients and caregivers, who overwhelmingly rely on the program for their health care needs.
The nonprofit CP serves about 200 people in Northeast Wisconsin that have complex physical or developmental disabilities, nearly all of whom use Medicaid to pay for their services.
Julie Tetzlaff, director of adult day services for CP, said about 75% of clients are in wheelchairs and unable to reposition themselves. She explained the exercise program CP offers is crucial to prevent patients from developing pressure sores.
"A sore on the butt costs a lot of money, anywhere from $30,000 to $150,000," Tetzlaff explained. "Once one of our clients has a pressure sore, it stays with them for a long time. So it might heal up, but they're going to be susceptible to another sore in that same area without active movement and repositioning."
She noted their program focuses on functional skills training using adaptable equipment funded through grants and community support.
Tetzlaff pointed out most of their clients are deemed to have a level of disability which could place them in a nursing home and most are poor. About half live with their parents, who she acknowledged can easily experience burn out. She added day services provide respite for these caregivers and prevent costly nursing home placements for clients.
"Looking ahead, if you have all these parent caregivers who, some of them, are on Medicaid because they're caring for somebody that's on Medicaid and they need health insurance themselves," Tetzlaff observed. "If they become more ill as well, and aren't able to care for their person, and they need long-term care - it doesn't seem like legislators have thought of that. The people that are caring for all these people, that's a big group."
Starting in December 2026, most Medicaid recipients will be required to complete at least 80 hours per month of work, schooling or community service to retain coverage. There are exceptions but it is unclear if they will apply to people caring for an adult with a disability.
Jon Syndergaard, executive director of CP, said lawmakers have assured them their clients will not be affected.
"But then in the next breath, they're all telling us that they can't necessarily be certain about that because they don't know the details," Syndergaard emphasized. "In many cases, it's sobering to say that they haven't even worked their way through all of the legislation in its entirety yet."
Experts have said it is nearly impossible to carve out people with disabilities or their caregivers because cuts to Medicaid will affect everyone. With all the uncertainty, Syndergaard underscored the nonprofit and the families it serves have grown cynical about the future of health care coverage.
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Nevadans with disabilities are concerned with proposed federal cuts to Medicaid, despite claims from GOP lawmakers that the cuts target only waste, fraud and abuse.
The U.S. Senate is currently considering a federal budget reconciliation package containing cuts to Medicaid and other social safety nets. The bill narrowly passed the House last month, with the latest version proposing cuts to Medicaid worth more than $700 million.
Ace Patrick, a Nevadan living with a disability, said other proposed changes in the bill, such as implementing work requirements to qualify for Medicaid, would be particularly challenging for those with disabilities.
"Those of us that could work, are working," Patrick said. "Those of us that cannot work, and there are many people on disabilities who are unable to work, who are in their homes, in apartments, in group homes, in nursing care facilities - what are they supposed to do without care? It will be devastating and many of us will die."
Republican lawmakers have said work requirements may help boost employment. The majority of Medicaid recipients already work, even if it's for informal jobs that don't produce pay stubs. Health-care advocates argue low-income Americans are already struggling to put food on the table and cover their housing costs, and clearing a work requirement would be yet another hoop to jump through.
About 740,000 Nevadans are enrolled in Nevada Medicaid, according to KFF, a nonprofit specialized in health policy research. The state program covers about 35% of working-age adults living with a disability in the Silver State.
Patrick said politicians in the nation's capital aren't thinking about the consequences of the cuts.
"I don't know what they think we're all going to do," Patrick said. "It's going to overload the ER, if they're even able to manage without getting that kind of income."
Advocates have warned that significant cuts to Medicaid could increase the number of unprofitable hospitals, especially in rural parts of the state, which can then put them at greater risk of financial distress or even closing their doors.
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Indiana University now trains police academy recruits in Deaf culture awareness and basic American Sign Language.
The program aims to improve communication between future officers and the Deaf community across campuses statewide.
Brennan Cox, a law student and part-time officer for the Indiana University Police Department, helped launch the course after noticing a gap in police training on interacting with Deaf individuals.
"This training is beneficial for the Deaf community because it creates safer interactions with officers and members of the Deaf community, creates more engagement with the Deaf community," Cox explained. "Really, we just want the Deaf community to know that we want to learn and that officers have a desire to learn about the Deaf community."
The nearly three-hour course features Deaf faculty who teach recruits key signs like "police," "help," and "stop," while emphasizing patience and alternative communication methods.
Cox noted the training also benefits officers themselves.
"What made me want to bring this training to IU Police Academy is I took ASL when I was in my undergraduate at IU for two years," Cox recounted. "It made me really just become passionate about how law enforcement interacts with members of the Deaf community and how we can better serve them."
The program now includes recruits from Indiana University campuses in Bloomington, Indianapolis, and South Bend and plans to expand to other agencies.
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