The regularity of news stories with individuals being misled or even radicalized by social media brought two Colorado State University researchers to compare social media algorithms to villains in classic tragedies such as Shakespeare's "Othello."

In a paper published last fall, researchers examine how algorithms can transform a person's view of reality in ways leading to detrimental actions. Platforms track user engagement with content and then feed users more of what they like.

Hamed Qahri-Saremi, assistant professor of computer information systems at Colorado State University and co-author of the paper, said even if you are following a news website such as CNN or Fox, you will not see every post by the outlets, only what the feeding algorithm thinks will maximize your engagement.

"It's not about the source, even," Qahri-Saremi explained. "It's about what these feeding algorithms are showing to you. So if you just go onto social media to get your news, most likely you're going to be very polarized. You see the world differently, because a big part of the picture, the true picture of the world, is going to be eliminated, is going to be masked from you because that's the job of the feeding algorithms."

The authors compare algorithms to the Shakespearean character Iago, who uses lies and manipulation to mislead Othello into murdering his wife.

The paper illustrated how platforms learn about users directly by observing their behavior, including which posts they spend time with and like, and learn about users indirectly by identifying and verifying the most similar platform users. The authors refer to it as a "matching mechanism" and users can see its effects with platform suggestions of who users should follow or connect with.

When offering content to users, platforms use social signaling to drive engagement by showing them which friends liked or commented on a post. Qahri-Saremi noted when misinformation is presented, social signals increase the likelihood users will engage.

"The person who sees that misinformation on social media is not just any random person, it's a person that the algorithm has selected and probably have added some social signals to it," Qahri-Saremi pointed out. "This significantly increases the power of this misinformation content."

Platform algorithms have the ability to select from the many millions of pieces of content floating around on social media, and choose the ones driving individual user engagement the most. With social media platforms primarily in the business of selling advertising, Qahri-Saremi emphasized the kind of granular data algorithms can learn about users makes them some of the most profitable companies around.

"These are some of the best algorithms," Qahri-Saremi stressed. "That's why social media companies are so wealthy. They can sell ads like nobody else; they can customize ads like nobody else. So now the same machine is being used to disseminate misinformation."

The paper suggested methods to combat misinformation, among them using an "endorsing accuracy" prompt such as "I think this news is accurate" and connecting it to the sharing function.

As the popular role-playing game Dungeons and Dragons turns 50, one Colorado State University instructor suggests today's political leaders could learn a lot by rolling the dice.

James Fielder, instructor and researcher of ludology (the study of games and gameplay) at Colorado State University, calls the game a master class in political strategy, covering everything from diplomacy to alliance forming to conflict resolution.

Fielder said players have to work together to achieve a goal. If you are at odds with each other, you don't achieve anything.

"The lesson is that we're learning to negotiate in order to overcome a challenge," Fielder explained. "That lesson sticks. You come out of the table, 'Oh, I learned how to negotiate with other people, and we overcame a challenge.' It worked."

A former Air Force lieutenant colonel, Fielder has more than two decades of experience designing war games and training exercises. He stressed role-playing is not just child's play. He compared the games to a ritual performance. When players are inside a game space -- which could be a football field, a card table, or a war room -- everything inside the game is very real, including wins, losses and lessons learned about the use of power.

Fielder added when a Dungeon Master reveals an unintended consequence of the players' decisions -- for example, the massacre of an entire town -- they frequently look at each other like, "What did we just do?"

"You will also find players who will play evil characters, who carry out atrocities in the game," Fielder observed. "But then when they come out, they don't feel good about themselves. They feel unclean, like, 'Oh my God, I can't believe I just did that.' And so, yes, that sends a very powerful message."

Fielder stressed even in today's modern age, games can be similar to an animist rite of passage, where participants believe a spiritual leader wearing an animal's skin is an actual god or animal.

"If you're wearing a suit to go to work, you're wearing the 'skin' of a businessperson," Fielder pointed out. "I was in the military for 25 years putting on the uniform, and wearing the 'skin' of a sergeant or a lieutenant colonel."

This story is based on original reporting by Stacy Nick for Colorado State University.

Ohio is leading the way in new research that may help those affected by lymphedema.

Lymphedema is a chronic condition that causes painful swelling due to buildup of fluid in the lymphatic system, which is part of a person's immune system. For many patients, this condition can develop following cancer treatment.

Teresa Lau, a breast cancer survivor and lymphedema patient at The Ohio State University James Cancer Center, described how new monitoring technology has provided her peace of mind.

"This is great for somebody who lives an hour away from OSU," she said. "It lets you know if, like, my arms swell up and so, what can I do? What are the next steps?"

The study Teresa referred to, called Project Limb Rescue, uses wearable technology to monitor lymphedema in real time. Ohioans with this condition can participate by visiting OSU for a brief session where they wear sensors that measure fluid buildup. The program aims to help patients detect swelling sooner, potentially reducing complications.

Lymphedema affects about four in 10 breast cancer survivors.

Study coordinator Lynne Brophy, a breast oncology clinical nurse specialist at the Ohio State Comprehensive Cancer Center, noted the benefits of the program for patients across Ohio.

"Our research study is to help people developing lymphedema detect it at home," she said. "It means they're saving money by not having as many physician visits."

Brophy added that research leads to new discoveries and encourages people to join the trial.

"I hope people will be open to participating and helping either themselves, perhaps, or their neighbor," she said.

OSU researchers are recruiting participants between ages 18 and 90 who have undergone lymph node removal surgery.

The University of Arkansas at Little Rock will use a $1 million grant to create a research and education center for cybersecurity.

The Cyberspace Operations Research and Education Center will be used to train students for jobs in the industry.

Philip Huff, associate professor of cybersecurity at the university, said currently, 100 students are majoring in cybersecurity and the grant money will allow them to expand and reach more young people.

"We are proud to collaborate with our partners, including UA-Fayetteville, UA-Pine Bluff, many community colleges across the state to engage in minority and underrepresented students, recruiting them and further diversifying the cybersecurity talent pool," Huff explained.

The Little Rock campus also serves as the hub for the National Cyber Teaching Coalition, which trains high school teachers to teach cybersecurity and artificial intelligence classes for dual-enrollment courses.

The center will be housed in the engineering and information technology building and provide space for students and staff to work on projects with community leaders and law enforcement.

Ann Bain, provost of the university, said Arkansans will benefit from the training.

"This funding and support are not merely investments in our programs, they're investments in the security and prosperity of our state," Bain asserted. "With this backing, we are able to educate and prepare the cyber experts who will protect our state's infrastructure, businesses and communities for years to come."

School officials say Little Rock is also a hub for high-impact research in cybersecurity. Through support from multiple grants, their research has addressed critical needs such as protecting the infrastructure of the energy sector.

Support for this reporting was provided by Lumina Foundation.


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