Nurses from across Wisconsin converged on the state Capitol building Thursday, as part of a rally demanding fairer wages and safer staffing ratios as the pandemic continues.

A report from the Wisconsin Hospital Association (WHA) indicates medical facilities across the state are struggling to fill vacant health care positions, as the strain from the COVID-19 pandemic has driven nurses out of the health care industry.

Carolyn Miller, a registered nurse from Eau Claire, said at a news conference in the Capitol Rotunda on Thursday, the issues plaguing the health care system affect workers at every level.

"Radiology techs, lab technicians, CNAs, unit clerks, EMTs and paramedics," Miller outlined. "All jobs and livelihoods have been slashed in the name of for-profit health care and without regard to patient outcome."

Thursday's event was part of a national series of protests organized under the banner of the National Nurses March, which culminated with a separate march on Congress in the nation's capital. Among other demands, participating nurses are pushing hospitals to ensure fair pay, increased safety standards for health care workers and better caregiver-to-patient ratios.

According to the WHA report, Wisconsin's population is steadily aging, and the health care demand the aging population creates will persist for at least the next two decades.

Adina Sharafinski, a registered nurse who specializes in hospice and end-of-life care, said she has had to endure grueling work conditions at prior jobs to ensure her patients were cared for.

"All of us have one thing in common: you guys are all going to come and see me someday," Sharafinski noted. "There is no avoiding it. And every single one of you deserves to die in peace, in dignity and in comfort."

The report said in 2015, Wisconsin had no counties with more than 40% of the population over age 60. By 2040, about one-fifth of Wisconsin's 72 counties will cross the threshold.

Miller added the pandemic exposed long-standing issues within the American health care system, and contended it needs to be reformed to ensure nurses and other front line medical workers have safer and fairer working standards.

"We lack so much infrastructure, and we aren't heard," Miller observed. "It is time for us to be respected, and it is time for administrators to sit down, stop talking and let us have what we need to do our jobs."

According to the state's Department of Health Services, nearly 90% of hospital beds are currently in use, and COVID-19 hospitalizations are charting upward for the first time since the Omicron surge peaked mid-January.

Nebraska's long-term care facilities face staffing shortages and other factors that could lead to more closures if state funding isn't increased.

An estimated 400,000 people nationwide have left this facet of the health-care industry since the pandemic began.

In Nebraska, the long-term care crisis has already led to closure of 44 nursing homes and 35 assisted-living facilities since 2015, the majority in rural communities.

Jalene Carpenter, president and CEO of the Nebraska Health Care Association, said others remain at risk of closing their doors.

"We have people needing services, wanting services," said Carpenter, "but the facility is struggling with staffing and is not able to accept additional residents, because they're having to care for the ones that they already have living with them."

Carpenter explained that when facilities can't serve new residents, they struggle to remain financially sound.

She citeed the low unemployment rate, the high inflation affecting food and supply costs, and the state's inadequate reimbursement rate for Medicaid residents as other contributors to this crisis.

Gov. Jim Pillen's proposed budget includes no increase in Medicaid rates, which Carpenter called "incredibly concerning."

Carpenter said the reimbursement rate is critical, since 60% of Nebraska nursing home residents rely on Medicaid to pay for their care.

She described them as "hard-working Nebraskans" who paid their taxes - but now, need expensive care and have run out of resources. She added that when a facility closes, it affects not only the residents and their families - but the local economy as well.

"Healthy education, healthy businesses, and healthy access to all levels of health care, and long-term care is a really important part of that," said Carpenter. "Yes, it is an incredibly expensive form of care, but it's also so critical to our society that we have access for seniors, to that care."

Two bills to increase the Medicaid reimbursement rate have been introduced this legislative session - LB 129 for nursing homes and LB 131 for assisted living facilities. Carpenter said she believes the future of some of these facilities depends on the fate of those bills.

February is National Heart Month, and doctors want Virginians to understand heart health a bit better - specifically, heart attacks and cardiac arrest.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, more than 800,000 people have heart attacks every year, and the majority are first-time heart attacks. Cardiac arrest can involve numerous factors, and heart attack is the most common.

Dr. Benjamin Galper, assistant chief of cardiology at Mid-Atlantic Permanente Medical Group in northern Virginia, said this is partly why the two get mixed up. He said typically, signs of a heart attack can be chest pressure, nausea or sweating - but the signs of cardiac arrest are more dire.

"Cardiac arrest, itself is not subtle," he said. "If you've gotten to the point of cardiac arrest, it means the person is unconscious, that they don't have a pulse when you take their pulse and they're not breathing. So, when someone's had cardiac arrest, it's usually obvious and usually quite concerning."

National Heart Month is a good time to commit to reducing those risks, with a heart-healthy diet and regular exercise. Galper also encouraged people to get CPR training, to be able to aid someone having a heart attack until first responders arrive - and possibly save a life.

Underlying diseases such as diabetes or prediabetes can make a person more susceptible to heart problems. Dr. Ravi Johar, chief medical officer at UnitedHealthcare, said genetics can be another risk factor.

"Things like Marfan Syndrome increases the risk of aneurysms and abnormal blood flow to the heart, and things of that sort, so there can be some genetic consequences," he said. "There can also be genetic history; if your parents had problems with their hearts, there's a higher likelihood that you may."

He added that heart disease can affect people at any age. CDC research has found it can start as early as 35, and the risks increase with age. Anyone experiencing new chest pains or shortness of breath is encouraged to talk with their doctor about their heart-health options.

With Black History Month underway, Wisconsin researchers and support groups are highlighting the disparities in cases of Alzheimer's disease.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said older Black Americans are about two times more likely than whites to have Alzheimer's and other dementias.

As drugs designed to treat conditions accelerate toward the market, the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health noted Black adults are less likely to be included in the research. The school has made it a priority to focus on the Black population in an ongoing study.

Diane Beckley Milner, director of diversity, equity and inclusion for the Alzheimer's Association Wisconsin Chapter, said participation is important.

"Without us being involved in those clinical trials as Black Americans, then the research, it's not going to lend itself to giving accurate information," Milner pointed out.

The university acknowledged Black individuals can be reluctant to participate in studies, citing historical trauma from events such as the Tuskegee experiment. Officials say when it comes to the UW study, Black volunteers account for 27% of the people enrolled, which is much higher than the state's Black population, suggesting it provides hope in boosting research inclusivity.

Milner emphasized partnerships her group has with organizations such as the African Methodist Episcopal Church can help ease fears and create more awareness within the Black community.

"Having that partnership has proved to be very, very important and critical to making sure that people get information that they can trust," Milner explained.

She added a common challenge her group has found in outreach is many Black Americans view cognitive decline as simply a sign of aging, and not a disease. The association also works with nursing organizations in hopes of educating more people within the Black population.