AUGUSTA, Maine - The task force looking at Maine juvenile justice is finding signs the whole system is upside down.

Jill Ward, project manager of the Maine Center for Juvenile Policy & Law at the University of Maine School of Law, is one of the task force co-chairs. She says testimony they've heard shows that, for lack of good alternatives, the state is locking up too many less serious young offenders in Long Creek - the state's juvenile prison - and keeping them too long.

Ward says research shows locking up any young people for longer than six months does more harm than good. But Maine is keeping them longer than sixteen months.

"Their length of stays were over 500 days, on average," says Ward. "More than six months, you have diminishing returns as far as public safety goes and recidivism goes. More than six months, you're creating more problems. You're not getting the kind of outcomes you want."

The American Civil Liberties Union has been calling for Long Creek to be closed since a transgender youth committed suicide there three years ago. Others counter that the prison provides the kind of restrictive setting needed for dangerous juvenile offenders.

The Juvenile Justice System Assessment & Reinvestment Task Force met in mid-December and expects to issue a report in February.

Ward says one central problem is that judges and families lack good alternatives - sentences that could keep juveniles in the homes and communities that encourage good behavior. Ward says incarceration often seems like the only option.

"Because Long Creek is the only place that can't say no when kids need some kind of help," says Ward. "Mental-health services, substance-use treatment services, housing - a whole array of areas that there aren't sufficient alternatives."

Ward says a sign that the system is upside down is that the juveniles at more risk of re-offending are getting out before their generally less dangerous peers. Ward says that makes no sense from a public-safety standpoint, but it's exactly what's happening on average.

"Those kids were actually getting out of Long Creek sooner and the young people who were staying longer were actually assessed at a much lower risk," says Ward.


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Alabama has the eighth-highest youth incarceration rate in the nation and juvenile justice advocates said more diversion programs could be key to changing the trend.

A report from The Sentencing Project outlines how programs to help kids avoid jail can reduce their chances of committing crimes.

Richard Mendel, senior research fellow for the group, said when a young person is arrested, it has a lifelong negative impact, often leading to higher dropout rates, lower likelihood of attending college and reduced income by age 30.

"More and more, the research is making clear that expanding and improving diversion -- and reducing or hopefully eliminating disparities in diversion -- really has to be a top priority for reform," Mendel contended. "If we ever want to create a youth justice system that's fair and effective, and keeps communities safe, and that guides young people to success."

The report showed national disparities in who gets to be part of critical diversion programs, and access is especially challenging for youth of color. Mendel claimed a lack of leadership and weak policies are the primary problems.

Despite the challenges, Mendel emphasized there is hope for change and suggested using a data-driven approach to support diversion programs. He urged state and local justice systems to expand them and provide the needed funding, as other nations have done.

"These other countries have seen the evidence, they've heard the evidence and they started diverting more and more of their young people away from court; 75%, 80%, 83% of them, now diverted from court, not put into the court system," Mendel reported. "We've had our head in the sand, we're not improving on this at all, so far."

Youth in diversion programs are 45% less likely to reoffend than those who go through the court process. Yet more than half of juvenile cases are sent to the courts.

A new report is sounding the alarm on Pennsylvania's juvenile-detention capacity challenges, citing understaffing and long wait times for the young people awaiting placement.

The report says five of the 13 youth detention facilities are used by just five counties, and that 57 counties must vie for beds at only six facilities statewide.

Dr. Abigail Wilson, director of child welfare, juvenile justice and education services at the Pennsylvania Council of Children, Youth and Family Services, said some counties are forced to send kids hundreds of miles away to find detention space. She noted that more funding could help clear the waitlists and reduce disruption to families and communities.

"Funding impacts the workforce issues," she said, "and it's difficult to staff some of these facilities, because the pay doesn't quite match the need, and the higher level of risk that you take, when you work at a secure detention center."

Wilson added that it's also difficult to move a young person into a probation or "step-down" program, since these struggle with understaffing and underfunding. The report notes that detention is meant to provide "temporary, secure and safe custody," and is used only when less restrictive alternatives have been considered.

On the other hand, Wilson said she thinks Pennsylvania has done a good job identifying the needs of youths in trouble, with a big commitment to evidence-based assessments and services within the juvenile justice system.

"So currently, our system uses the youth level-of-service assessment to look at risk for recidivism, as well as appropriate level of service," she said. "They're able to very quickly see, while placing a youth in a family-like setting is the main priority."

The report reveals that almost 90% of all corrections agencies reported moderate or severe difficulties hiring and retaining front-line facility staff, with job vacancy rates as high as 30% to 40%.

Wilson said the report makes several recommendations, but tackling the workforce shortage through improved funding is the key to all of them "because we can't effectively run programs and serve youths without highly qualified staff.

"So, when we offer those pay increases, smaller youth-to-staff ratios, reformed onboarding training," she said, "we can continue to recruit these highly qualified staff."

Wilson said alternatives to detention are often community-based programs that offer supervision, mentoring and therapy for a young offender as they await their court date, and may include working with their family.

A lawsuit filed this month against the Illinois Departments of Corrections and Juvenile Justice might help tip the scales for legislation pending in Springfield.

Through the suit, 95 men and women shared their stories of abuse by some staffers while housed in juvenile detention at the Illinois Youth Centers between 1996 and 2017, when some were as young as 14.

Elizabeth Clarke, founder and interim director of the Juvenile Justice Initiative of Illinois, said an overhaul of the system is long overdue.

"Illinois has been trying to reform its youth justice system since 2005," Clarke pointed out. "This has been a very lengthy process, it has never been really wholeheartedly entered into, they've never had the complete autonomy from an adult correctional model. So, it's been bit by bit by bit."

She noted the institute is watching House Bill 4776, which would raise the minimum age for juvenile incarceration from 13 to 14. And House Bill 2347, now under consideration in the Senate, would raise the pretrial detention age from 10 to 13.

Clarke stressed she wants to see guarantees the Juvenile Justice Ombudsperson's office has access to all the resources it needs to process youth grievances against the department.

The lawsuit indicates officials were aware of the abuse, yet no action was taken to ensure the juveniles' protection. The Department of Juvenile Justice has said the alleged abuse took place under previous administrations.

Clarke believes the sexual abuse accusations reflect another layer of failure within the department. Her organization has long spoken out against solitary confinement for children.

"The fact is, we just have to make sure young children are not locked up in Illinois," Clarke asserted. "We have to do that. We have to protect our young children. And both the excessive use of solitary and this lawsuit documenting sexual abuse shows how important it is."

Last year, a U.S. Department of Justice report found the staff perpetrators of sexual harassment were either reprimanded or disciplined in 40% of incidents and discharged, terminated or denied contract renewal. The lawsuit seeks the maximum amount of $2 million for each defendant.