MISSION BAY, Calif. -- An important part of California's coastal ecosystem, eelgrass, is disappearing, with 90% gone since the 1950s.
A report commissioned by The Pew Charitable Trusts found 50% to 65% of the eelgrass restoration efforts are successful. The study showed the choice of where to replant is the most important factor.
Melissa Ward, post-doctoral researcher at San Diego State University and co-author of the report, said eelgrass has many benefits.
"It can improve water quality. It stabilizes the sediment. It also acts as a nursery habitat for a lot of baby animals, like Dungeness crab, California spiny lobster, halibut and Pacific herring," Ward outlined.
The research pulled together dozens of studies to establish best practices for eelgrass restoration.
Eelgrass is abundant in Humboldt Bay up north. It is being restored in Mission Bay in San Diego, and a community program to restore it in Newport Bay has been very successful. But Morro Bay, for example, lost 97% of its eelgrass from 2007 to 2017 due to variations in water circulation and sediment, from natural causes and man-made changes to the harbor.
Lexie Bell, executive director of the Morro Bay National Estuary Program, who also serves on the steering committee for the Pacific Marine Estuarine Fish Habitat Partnership, which released the study, noted the role eelgrass restoration can play in the fight against climate change.
"Eelgrass can help reduce erosion, and that can be a factor with coastal flooding," Bell explained. "And it absorbs carbon, so the more eelgrass you have, the more carbon it can absorb."
Ward emphasized she'd like to see California develop and fund a standard monitoring program for eelgrass.
"We know it's super important, but we have no funding to even monitor on a statewide level where seagrass is and how quickly it is being lost," Ward pointed out.
She added people can help by making sure not to drop anchor in an eelgrass bed while boating, and by supporting efforts to reduce polluted runoff into the sea.
Support for this reporting was provided by The Pew Charitable Trusts.
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By Britny Cordera for imagine5.com.
Broadcast version by Suzanne Potter for California News Service reporting for the Solutions Journalism Network-Public News Service Collaboration
On Earth Day 2023, thousands of people around the world took part in protests to draw attention to the threats facing the planet.
While some waved signs and chanted slogans in the street, another group gathered online to take action in a different way, united by two things: their concern for the health of the world's waters, and their shared love of Disney's The Little Mermaid.
A campaign called "Protect Ariel's Home" centres Ariel the mermaid (and other Disney characters who live close to the water, like Lilo from Lilo & Stitch, Tiana from The Princess and the Frog and the title character from Moana). It emphasises the importance of keeping rivers, oceans, and drinking water clean for all, especially people in BIPOC communities who are at the frontline of climate change.
The campaign has held three virtual rallies where 79 actions have been taken, ranging from messaging President Joe Biden to shut down Line 5 (an Enbridge oil pipeline that could threaten the fisheries and wild rice harvest relied on by Indigenous people around Lake Superior) to checking an underwater webcam in a river in the Netherlands to alert the lockkeeper if there are fish that need to get through to lay eggs. This work is being done by fans, without Disney's involvement.
The idea came from Ana-Rikki Wilhelm, an intern at an organisation called Fandom Forward, which is working on the campaign with the non-profit GreenLatinos, TikTok viral activist Western Water Girl and award winning Diné journalist from the Navajo Nation Alastair Lee Bitsóí.
Wilhelm noticed how much energy there was around The Little Mermaid after Disney revealed its first teaser trailer. "Disney received backlash on casting Halle Bailey as Ariel, but seeing Black girls on TikTok overjoyed by a Black Ariel was really inspiring," they said.
This kind of inspiration, Wilhelm believes, is a chance for fans to connect what's happening in real life - rising sea levels, oil spills and dying coral, or the water crises in Flint, Michigan and Jackson, Mississippi - to what could happen to our favourite fictional characters.
"Fan organising allows people to say, oh yeah, I wouldn't want Ariel or Lilo or Tiana to have toxic water and not be able to swim or not be able to have fun," Wilhelm said. "It frames the climate crisis in a less intimidating and scary way so people feel more comfortable getting involved."
Representation in media can often be an important first step for people to understand change that is happening all around them. For Alexis Trotter, a self-proclaimed Disney super fan, when she sees characters that look like her, she's more intrigued to learn about their world. "When you see yourself represented, it just allows your imagination to easily put yourself into the story," she said.
Trotter who took part in the Ariel campaign, doesn't get involved in a lot of climate advocacy - she has a heart defect and puts most of her energy into advocacy around this - but since this campaign involved one of her favourite characters, it was different. "I was proud to have my name on this campaign and went into it with excitement about the new movie," she said.
Inspiration to make small changes
Trotter, who uses reusable K-cups for her coffee and reminds her friends and family every day to recycle to keep plastic waste out of our waters, says: "Our favorite Disney princesses or Marvel superheroes teach us you can make a pretty significant change by making small changes."
The Ariel campaign is the latest in a proud tradition. Groups like Fandom Forward, Black Nerds Create and Nerdfighter have been creating activists out of fans online for more than a decade, inspired by our favourite pop culture characters.
Fandom Forward was one of the first organisations to do this kind of activism. Founded in 2005 as The Harry Potter Alliance, it has since expanded to get fans of Disney, DC Comics, Star Trek and other fandoms, involved in environmental and civic engagement.
It's known as fan activism or fanwork, and it taps into the idea that - as our favourite characters often teach us - there's no one way to be a hero.
Organising activism around the fictional characters we love can help activate the public imagination around climate change and environmental injustices while helping fans do advocacy work that is more accessible and less daunting than protesting.
Critical fandom
Some are calling the trend critical fandom, which probably makes it sound less fun than it is. I got my own taste of it in 2021 when I attended an online rally that tapped into two of my passions: the hit TV cartoon Avatar: The Last Airbender (or ATLA, as it is known by its fiercely dedicated fans), and environmental justice.
It came at the height of the pandemic, at a time when I was looking for some way to help despite not being able to be some place in person. Fandom Forward used ATLA, which features a strong message about protecting nature, to inspire fans to campaign against the expansion of the Line 3 oil pipeline from Canada to Wisconsin. They partnered with Indigenous-led organisations A Tribe Called Geek and Honor the Earth. 424 actions were taken during that campaign, off the back of a 90-minute rally on YouTube Live.
Shortly after that, I held my own ATLA watch party with friends. We reflected on how relevant the show continues to be, how it teaches us to care for people and the environment over objects and money, and how it paints a picture of fascism that feels eerily relevant. I also got my friends to take some of the actions proposed by Fandom Forward.
Fandom Forward's campaigns director, Sara Mortensen, said campaigns around climate change can be seamlessly introduced, because fans are already doing things together. "Fandoms that have a lot of energy, you'll see fan leaders organising birthday messages for their favourite actors, or organising community spaces in [the messaging app] Discord or elsewhere," she said.
Fandom Forward and other organisations recognise this potential and push the energy towards climate or social justice issues, Mortensen said. "It helps that so many of our favourite stories have something to say about climate and the environment," she said.
ATLA is a great example of this. In one storyline, the hero Aang and his friends must help a village impacted by a toxic river polluted by the powerful Fire Nation. In the new live action version of The Little Mermaid, Ariel and her sisters are seen cleaning up a shipwreck under the sea, and lamenting how humans are killing coral reefs.
Fans are digging deeper
Critical fandom has the power to make fans care about environment and climate issues. Maritza Mendoza, a water equity and ocean program advocate for GreenLatinos recognises this power. She said people who care about The Little Mermaid tend to also care about or have an interest in the ocean. "For people who don't identify as activists or don't have a degree in water conservation, fan organising can help you learn about climate change and show that your community cares about it," she said.
Robyn Renee Jordan of Black Nerds Create says the way media reflects our real world can inspire critical fandom. "It is great to love something," she said, "but it is even more powerful to really dig deep and look at media from a critical lens and see how that reflects the world around us."
Jordan said its important to follow your passions when doing activism. It's how it keeps you going. Fan organising leans on fans' passions for pop-culture icons and doesn't expect fans to have experience doing activism.
"If you're watching The Little Mermaid and it makes you think, 'look how beautiful our oceans are', and makes you want to do something about preserving water, and you ask how do we continue to maintain that, follow that thought process and don't worry too much about getting it right. Worry about just attempting to do something or to learn more."
Britny Cordera wrote this article for imagine5.com.
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Massive mile-long gillnets weighted to the seafloor three miles off the California coast are set to catch halibut or sea bass - but end up entangling more than 125 species of marine life - according to a new report from Oceana and the Turtle Island Restoration Network. The California Fish and Game Commission meets tomorrow and Thursday to discuss whether the bycatch is at acceptable levels.
Caitlynn Birch, Pacific marine scientist for Oceana, said 64% of the animals caught in this are thrown back to sea.
"This high rate of bycatch raises concerns over the fishery's wastefulness and impacts on California's marine biodiversity," she said. "However, fishery managers have not been tracking how much fishing effort is occurring in the set gillnet fishery, so we don't actually know the true toll on wildlife."
The analysis found that the set gillnets are ensnaring sharks, skates, rays, endangered whales, sea lions and many species of commercial and recreational fish, including damaged and undersized California halibut, rock crab, sand bass and lingcod.
29 fishing boats currently hold permits to fish three miles offshore, and reducing the number of fishing permits would be one sure way to reduce gillnet bycatch, she said.
"California voters and fishery managers have taken action in the past to ban this non-selective gear in near-shore waters, which has resulted in major rebounds of vulnerable fish and marine mammal populations," Birch said. "So, we do know that removing these nets has a positive impact on many vulnerable species in California."
The Fish and Game Commission has a toolkit of options to reduce bycatch - but is still deciding whether action is warranted in this fishery.
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Florida's newest aquatic preserve is officially set to move forward, with a management plan aimed at protecting some 350,000 acres of sea grass.
The Nature Coast Aquatic Preserve off Florida's west coast is the first new preserve to be designated in more than 30 years, and part of the largest sea grass bed in the Gulf of Mexico. The Florida Department of Environmental Protection has approved a plan to protect the 700 square miles of coastal habitat along Citrus, Hernando and Pasco counties.
William Toney, a fishing guide in Homosassa, said he is not a political person, but spent years attending meetings to fight for his livelihood, and the health of the Gulf.
"It really meant a lot to me, and to the people in our communities here," Toney emphasized. "Especially us that make a living on the water, you know, we need that protection of our sea grass, for all our fish and crabs and shrimp."
Toney pointed out economies of the towns connected to the preserve are mostly driven by tourism and fishing. The state management plan calls for routine water quality testing, restoring damaged sea grass and encouraging community groups to work together. The preserve is now the 42nd in the Florida system.
The areas encompassing the preserve are home to mangrove islands, salt marshes, oysters, sponges, corals and more, and the plan still allows for recreational activities, like boating, fishing and scalloping.
Joy Hazell, extension agent for the University of Florida/IFAS Extension, said locals saw the need to protect their own.
"The community went to the state government and said, 'We want to protect this,' " Hazell explained. "When you have those community-driven resource protections, you just have a stronger agreement between the people who use the resource and the people who are in charge of managing the resource."
Community members cited increasing threats from pollution as part of their concerns. Recent bouts of red tide and other harmful algae blooms, fueled by farm and fertilizer runoff, dominated headlines, taking a toll on marine life and tourism businesses.
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