By Shelby Harris for The Daily Yonder.
Broadcast version by Nadia Ramlagan for North Carolina News Service Service for the Public News Service/Daily Yonder Collaboration

Two summers ago, Lee Berger sat in her Macon County, N.C., home hunched over a laptop - pulling the small computer closer to her face.

It was Berger's first telehealth appointment, a routine check-up with her primary care physician, and she couldn't hear what the doctor was saying.

Berger thought about telling the doctor to speak up, but then she remembered her house, fastened at the end of a 17-house subdivision in the small town of Franklin, doesn't often invite steady internet connection.

"It just wasn't crisp and clear," she said. "I don't know whether it was (his office) or if it was my internet that day because mine does come and go."

Berger isn't hard of hearing, and she's not unskilled when it comes to the internet. The 73-year-old retired school teacher frequently runs speed tests on her own Wi-Fi, which she gets through her cable provider, Optimum.

Berger lives in Macon County, a rural mountainous county ensconced in a large stretch of the Southern Appalachian Mountains.

The 18-county western part of North Carolina is also home to nearly 380,000 households, many of whom - like Berger's - do not have solid internet connection due to a lack of access to fiber-optic broadband.

Fewer than one in four mountain residents has access to fiber, according to a North Carolina Department of Information Technology (NCDIT) map that combines broadband data from the U.S. Census Bureau and the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC).

This not only means that most of the region is unable to stream Netflix on a rainy night, but also that other facets of life becoming dominantly virtual, such as connecting to a doctor, are impossible for many.

Across the entire state, an estimated 4 million North Carolinians don't have access to reliable broadband service. This particularly affects rural residents, many of whom live in communities that tend to suffer most from a lower supply of health professionals.

According to the University of North Carolina's Cecil V. Sheps Center For Health Services Research, there's an average of 6.8 primary care physicians, eight nurse practitioners and 1.8 physician assistants per 10,000 Western North Carolina residents.

Those figures are less than the state averages of 8.73 physicians, 9.7 nurse practitioners and 2.2 physician assistants per 10,000 North Carolinians.

Telehealth is often promoted as the solution to increasing access to health care. But what do we really know about the virtual resource, and how effective is it without a reliable internet connection?

The Emerging Prevalence of Telehealth

Choosing to forego telehealth is not always an option, as doctors are starting to heavily rely on the resource.

An American Medical Association survey showed that 85% of physician respondents used telemedicine services, and roughly 56% of those physicians said they were looking to increase telehealth use in their practices even after the COVID-19 pandemic ceases to prevent in-person appointments.

Some medical services in Western North Carolina have switched solely to virtual platforms, such as Mission Health's telehospitalist and telepsychiatry programs, Mission spokesperson Nancy Lindell said.

Mission Health is the largest medical provider in the region with six hospitals, several specialty and walk-in clinics and 1,600 staff physicians, according to the hospital system's website.

Mission's owner, HCA Healthcare, the largest hospital system in the country, was sued earlier this year after several local governments alleged it had created a medical monopoly in the region. The lawsuit is pending.

"Nearly all" providers employed by the health care system offer telehealth services, Lindell said. The fields with the highest telehealth uptake are primary care, weight management, children's specialities, infectious diseases, neurology, genetics, behavioral health and cardiology.

"Our providers have benefitted from the telehealth infrastructure we already had in place that was quickly rolled out during the pandemic," Lindell said. "They have gained experience to understand where telehealth is clinically effective and beneficial for improved access."

But for some, such as Berger and other rural North Carolina residents, telehealth may not mean "improved access."

"I've been in this business for a while, and I do not believe that without a hybrid telehealth model - in-person and then also telehealth - that we will be able to do what we need to do for our rural citizens," said Maggie Sauer, director of the state's Office of Rural Health.

Inability to access telehealth can not only impede a person's ability to receive basic health care, but it can also mean missing out on other benefits of virtual medicine, such as a doctor's ability to observe a patient's living conditions, Sauer said.

She described a recent conversation with a physician who said he couldn't figure out why one of his patients would not take a prescribed medication.

The doctor sent a community health worker - a state-employee who connects community members to health and social services - to help the patient set up technology for an upcoming telehealth appointment.

The worker discovered the patient did not have electricity or running water and "the house was infested," Sauer said.

"The community health worker helped kind of bring all these pieces together, and now this person is in a place that's clean. They have food, they have water, they have access to medication," she said.

Census data shows roughly a quarter of people in Western North Carolina's rural counties are 65 and older, and one of the Office of Rural Health's main goals is ensuring digital literacy and internet connectivity for this population.

The department has set up internet hotspots in rural areas and deployed community health workers to connect people in rural communities with telehealth providers, Sauer said.

Vague Data

It's difficult to gauge how many rural North Carolina residents want to access telehealth, but can't due to lack of internet, because little data exists on the subject.

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have released reports on telehealth use, but the information was collected via voluntary surveys that may not present the most complete picture.

Further, the CDC's data only reflected telemedicine uptake in 2020 at the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic.

According to the HHS survey, one in four Americans reported accessing telehealth services four weeks prior to taking the survey, which ran from April to October 2021.

The survey showed that video telehealth participation was lowest among people without a high school diploma, those aged 65 and older, and Asian, Latino and Black populations. Only about half of respondents falling in each of these populations reported using video telemedicine.

Other sources, such as the COVID-19 Healthcare Coalition, a private-sector collaboration of medical organizations, nonprofits, academic researchers and business leaders, have conducted similar research to shine a light on telehealth's prevalence.

Roughly 2,000 people responded to the coalition's 2021 survey, managed by the Mayo Clinic Health System research team.

The results show little variation in responses among those who self-reported living in rural areas and those who self-reported living in urban areas. For example, 72% of rural respondents indicated they'd use telehealth again, compared to 76% for urban respondents.

The survey, however, was conducted online - effectively omitting the perspectives of the 19 million people the FCC reports lack access to a solid internet connection.

As with the shortage of concrete telehealth data, information about internet accessibility is equally vague.

The FCC tracks broadband fiber access by census tract. Tim Love, director of economic development for Buncombe County, Western North Carolina's most populous county, explained that if an internet provider claims to provide connection to one home in a census tract, all other homes in that tract are considered to have access.

"Our argument is that that makes no sense," Love said. "So our approach is that we're going to make our own map that looks to see who can get online."

Census data shows 59% of mountain households have internet through fiber-optic, cable or DSL sources. The data does not, however, specify which source the household uses - leaving the total number of people connected to fiber-optic broadband, considered the most stable form of internet connection, up in the air.

According to Love, fiber is the likeliest of all internet sources to provide at least 100 megabits per second for download and 20 Mbps for upload.

That's enough to connect multiple devices to the internet at the same time, and that level of connectivity is the goal speed for internet connection throughout the state, said NCDIT's Nate Denny.

"If you've got a couple of kids learning from home, a couple of parents working from home, and you're trying to see your kid's pediatrician on a telemedicine app, you need much higher speeds," Denny said.

Despite the state's acknowledgement that fiber-optic access is the only way to ensure stable internet connectivity, moves to put the infrastructure in places like the rural mountainous areas of North Carolina have been slow-coming.

Though data regarding broadband, telehealth and the relationship between the two has yet to be solidified, its magnitude can be seen through experiences like Berger's - a 73-year-old cupping her ear to hear a doctor through a computer screen.

"I remember sitting there at one point, moving closer to my laptop thinking, 'I really would like to hear him better,'" she said.

Two years later, Berger still struggles with her internet, and she has little faith that much will be done to fix the issue.

"I will be shocked if I am in this house when they put a fiber-optic line up this road," she said.

Shelby Harris wrote this article for The Daily Yonder.


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After more than 50 years of use, some Michigan lawmakers say naloxone may not be the best choice in an overdose situation.

Naloxone is sometimes called the "Lazarus drug" because of its powerful ability to seemingly resurrect people after a drug overdose.

Sen. Kevin Hertel, D-St. Clair Shores, and some of his colleagues have introduced a bill which would open the door for what they say are more costly, but more powerful, antidotes.

"Given the prevalence of fentanyl in our communities, and how much stronger some of these drugs that we're now seeing are, we believe -- and in talking with others -- that there should be other tools to respond to an overdose," Hertel explained. "To make sure we're doing everything we can to save somebody's life."

Not everyone is on board with the proposed legislation, Senate Bill 542. Opponents argued the more expensive naloxone alternatives are not necessary, and using them would only increase profits for the pharmaceutical industry.

Jonathan Stoltman, director of the Opioid Policy Institute in Grand Rapids, said while the naloxone alternatives do help in overdose situations, they can also cause nasty side effects.

"The newer approaches, they put people into more severe withdrawal," Stoltman pointed out. "That's a pretty profound negative side effect. The one approach is very inexpensive and works great; the other approach is far more expensive and has this strong negative side effect."

Sponsors of the bill say they're hoping to give Michigan residents a chance to chime in on the issue in a public hearing sometime in June. Michigan saw more than 3,000 opioid overdose deaths in 2021.


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New Mexico saw record enrollment numbers for the Affordable Care Act this year and is now setting its sights on lowering out-of-pocket costs - those not reimbursed by insurance. More than 56,000 New Mexicans are enrolled in a medical health insurance plan on the state exchange - an increase of 12,000 people overall.

Colin Baillio, deputy superintendent with the state's Office of Insurance, said the state has boosted its outreach and made efforts to improve the overall consumer experience.

"We saw a 40% year-over-year increase, and New Mexico saw the biggest percentage increase during the open-enrollment period among all of the state-based marketplaces," he explained

Part of the enrollment increase is due to what's called the "unwinding" - a federal directive that required all states to redetermine Medicaid eligibility following a three-year pause on checks during the COVID pandemic. He said by using expanded tools made available by the federal and state government, 8% of New Mexico's population is now uninsured - down from 23% in 2010.

Following approval by lawmakers in the 2024 legislative session, the New Mexico governor signed seven health care-related bills into law - one of which requires annual reporting of prescription drug pricing. Baililo said the Affordable Care Act built the foundation that has allowed the state to pursue additional affordability initiatives.

"I'm really glad to see that there's so much interest in the next step of health reform, really leaning into these out-of-pocket cost issues and making it easier for people to afford to stay covered and see their doctors," he continued.

Two years ago, the state also passed a one-of-a-kind law that did away with behavioral health co-pays for people in certain insurance plans.

New York's medical aid-in-dying bill is gaining further support. The Medical Society of the State of New York is supporting the bill. New York's bill allows terminally ill people with only six months to live to use this option, with safeguards requiring two physicians' approval.

The bill's Assembly sponsor Amy Paulin, D-Westchester, said despite the growing support, other hurdles lie ahead.

"Now we have what I believe, if it came to the floor, a majority. There's still a hesitation on the part of leadership. You know, we need members to assure leadership that they no longer have reservations," she said.

Other newly resolved concerns center on making sure insurance companies and doctors who don't support this aren't held liable. She's optimistic the bill will pass after nine years in the Legislature. New York would be the 11th state along with Washington, D.C. to have medical aid in dying legislation.

Corinne Carey, senior New York campaign director with Compassion and Choices finds the pandemic drew a vivid picture of a person's end-of-life experience. There were images of people dying on ventilators, apart from loved ones, and unable to communicate. She said people began thinking about a "good death."

"And, what is a good death is being surrounded by loved ones, having some measure of control, experiencing the touch of your loved ones, and being the one in the driver's seat," she explained.

Now people have different options for end-of-life care, each of which presents various challenges. Polls show medical aid in dying has garnered considerable support since being introduced in 2015. A 2022 Compassion and Choices poll finds 57% of nurses support medical aid in dying professionally, although fewer support it personally.