With news of more large-scale fish dumps in coastal Louisiana waters in recent weeks, advocates are calling for more regulations on the menhaden industry.

Three large commercial fishing nets were dumped in waters off Cameron Parish in separate incidents between Sept. 11 and 14, resulting in an estimated 850,000 dead menhaden, also known as pogies, along with other species of bycatch. This comes one year after a similar incident when a pogie boat cut loose a net containing nearly 1 million fish and set it adrift in the same waters.

David Cresson, executive director of the Coastal Conservation Association of Louisiana, said with locals again seeing large amounts of dead fish washed up on area beaches, the scale and effects of industrial harvest demand more regulation.

"They set these nets 10 or 12,000 times a year," Cresson explained. "They catch a billion pounds of pogies, tens of millions of pounds of bycatch. So, what we saw from September 11th to September 15, was just a tiny glimpse of what's really going on all year long."

Two foreign owned commercial operators, Daybrook Fisheries and Omega Protein, are responsible for the dumps, which state officials cited for failing to report the incident within the permitted time. Neither company responded to a request for comment.

Menhaden are small baitfish harvested for use in a number of products, but in the wild are the basic forage fish for many species. Larger fish following menhaden to feed are often caught in purse seine nets as bycatch. Cresson noted other finfish affected include Red Drum, Speckled Trout, Croakers and Jack Crevalle, but he added it does not stop there.

"It is a long list of species, not just fish by the way, marine mammals, birds, and plenty of other fish and wildlife are impacted by this style of harvest," Cresson outlined. "It's a very industrialized style of harvest that's not allowed anywhere else in the Gulf of Mexico as close to the shores as we allow it in Louisiana."

A quarter-mile buffer zone went into effect across the Louisiana coast this year, but it is the narrowest buffer among the nearby Gulf states. Advocates originally argued for a 1-mile buffer zone citing the need to protect habitat and spawning areas as pogie boats disturb the seafloor when fishing in shallow waters.

Chris Macaluso, director of the Center for Marine Fisheries at the Theodore Roosevelt Conservation Partnership, said the 1-mile buffer zone makes sense.

"It's not just some random effort to penalize a company," Macaluso pointed out. "It's an effort to protect shallow water habitat and minimize the impact of dragging those nets along the bottom, of the boats going into those shallow waters, and also to protect the fish that are in that close-in range."

He stressed a scientifically-based catch limit is also needed to help ensure the long-term viability of the Louisiana fishery.

Lawmakers and scientists in Massachusetts are working to bolster the state's growing "blue economy."

Several pieces of legislation aim to create a "blue workforce pipeline" in marine biotechnology, commercial fishing and more.

Wally Fulweiler, professor of earth, environment and biology at Boston University, said a healthy ocean makes for healthier coastal communities and "blue jobs," such as oyster reef restoration will stick around as long as coastal ecosystems are cared for.

"Humans are part of the system, and I think we have to figure out a way that we can all kind of work within that system," Fulweiler urged. "I think oyster aquaculture is one way forward there."

Fulweiler pointed out oysters improve water quality, provide food and support livelihoods. Currently valued at more than $8 billion, the state's blue economy grew nearly 40% over the past decade.

Lawmakers hope to create more pathways for students interested in ocean-related careers, including more educational grants to remove some of the financial and technical barriers to accessing the ocean sciences. Fulweiler stressed tackling the challenge of climate change and its effects on our oceans will take an all-hands-on-deck approach.

"If we can lower that entry point -- basically not use technology as a gatekeeper -- I think we might get a better understanding of how ecosystems work," Fulweiler contended. "We may be able to get more voices and ideas to the table."

Fulweiler added new voices could help ensure emerging technologies, including offshore wind energy and large-scale fishing, can minimize any ecological harm.

This story was produced with original reporting from Ethan Brown for The Sweaty Penguin.

A new analysis by Oceana found crews in the California set gillnet fishery have severely underreported the number of seals and sea lions caught and killed or injured over the past 20 years.

Researchers estimate fishing crews are reporting marine mammal bycatch just 6% of the time.

Caitlynn Birch, Pacific marine scientist for Oceana, said it proves the need for government observers onboard the boats.

"It's well known by fishery managers that self-reporting is unreliable," Birch asserted. "However, there's no enforcement. If there's no third-party, federal fishery observer out there, they're not going to say that they killed a sea lion?"

The National Marine Fisheries Service stopped posting observers on fishing boats around 2017. The Marine Resource Committee of the California Fish and Game Commission meets Nov. 16 to consider a suite of measures to protect wildlife, including a new observer program.

The Commission and the Department of Fish and Wildlife are working to update management of the set gillnet fishery, improve data collection and reduce bycatch.

Birch argued fishery managers need observers on the vessels or electronic monitoring in order to accurately quantify the fisheries' impacts on wildlife.

"If we don't have correct data we're flying blind," Birch contended. "In terms of trying to manage a fishery that has high rates of bycatch and interacts with protected species."

Log books from 2005 and 2012 showed fishing crews self-reported an average of 12 incidents per year where set gillnets caught a California sea lion or harbor seal. Federal officials estimated the real number is 212 per year, based on fishery data acquired on trips where an observer was on board.

By Britny Cordera for imagine5.com.
Broadcast version by Suzanne Potter for California News Service reporting for the Solutions Journalism Network-Public News Service Collaboration

On Earth Day 2023, thousands of people around the world took part in protests to draw attention to the threats facing the planet.

While some waved signs and chanted slogans in the street, another group gathered online to take action in a different way, united by two things: their concern for the health of the world's waters, and their shared love of Disney's The Little Mermaid.

A campaign called "Protect Ariel's Home" centres Ariel the mermaid (and other Disney characters who live close to the water, like Lilo from Lilo & Stitch, Tiana from The Princess and the Frog and the title character from Moana). It emphasises the importance of keeping rivers, oceans, and drinking water clean for all, especially people in BIPOC communities who are at the frontline of climate change.

The campaign has held three virtual rallies where 79 actions have been taken, ranging from messaging President Joe Biden to shut down Line 5 (an Enbridge oil pipeline that could threaten the fisheries and wild rice harvest relied on by Indigenous people around Lake Superior) to checking an underwater webcam in a river in the Netherlands to alert the lockkeeper if there are fish that need to get through to lay eggs. This work is being done by fans, without Disney's involvement.

The idea came from Ana-Rikki Wilhelm, an intern at an organisation called Fandom Forward, which is working on the campaign with the non-profit GreenLatinos, TikTok viral activist Western Water Girl and award winning Diné journalist from the Navajo Nation Alastair Lee Bitsóí.

Wilhelm noticed how much energy there was around The Little Mermaid after Disney revealed its first teaser trailer. "Disney received backlash on casting Halle Bailey as Ariel, but seeing Black girls on TikTok overjoyed by a Black Ariel was really inspiring," they said.

This kind of inspiration, Wilhelm believes, is a chance for fans to connect what's happening in real life - rising sea levels, oil spills and dying coral, or the water crises in Flint, Michigan and Jackson, Mississippi - to what could happen to our favourite fictional characters.

"Fan organising allows people to say, oh yeah, I wouldn't want Ariel or Lilo or Tiana to have toxic water and not be able to swim or not be able to have fun," Wilhelm said. "It frames the climate crisis in a less intimidating and scary way so people feel more comfortable getting involved."

Representation in media can often be an important first step for people to understand change that is happening all around them. For Alexis Trotter, a self-proclaimed Disney super fan, when she sees characters that look like her, she's more intrigued to learn about their world. "When you see yourself represented, it just allows your imagination to easily put yourself into the story," she said.

Trotter who took part in the Ariel campaign, doesn't get involved in a lot of climate advocacy - she has a heart defect and puts most of her energy into advocacy around this - but since this campaign involved one of her favourite characters, it was different. "I was proud to have my name on this campaign and went into it with excitement about the new movie," she said.

Inspiration to make small changes

Trotter, who uses reusable K-cups for her coffee and reminds her friends and family every day to recycle to keep plastic waste out of our waters, says: "Our favorite Disney princesses or Marvel superheroes teach us you can make a pretty significant change by making small changes."

The Ariel campaign is the latest in a proud tradition. Groups like Fandom Forward, Black Nerds Create and Nerdfighter have been creating activists out of fans online for more than a decade, inspired by our favourite pop culture characters.

Fandom Forward was one of the first organisations to do this kind of activism. Founded in 2005 as The Harry Potter Alliance, it has since expanded to get fans of Disney, DC Comics, Star Trek and other fandoms, involved in environmental and civic engagement.

It's known as fan activism or fanwork, and it taps into the idea that - as our favourite characters often teach us - there's no one way to be a hero.

Organising activism around the fictional characters we love can help activate the public imagination around climate change and environmental injustices while helping fans do advocacy work that is more accessible and less daunting than protesting.

Critical fandom

Some are calling the trend critical fandom, which probably makes it sound less fun than it is. I got my own taste of it in 2021 when I attended an online rally that tapped into two of my passions: the hit TV cartoon Avatar: The Last Airbender (or ATLA, as it is known by its fiercely dedicated fans), and environmental justice.

It came at the height of the pandemic, at a time when I was looking for some way to help despite not being able to be some place in person. Fandom Forward used ATLA, which features a strong message about protecting nature, to inspire fans to campaign against the expansion of the Line 3 oil pipeline from Canada to Wisconsin. They partnered with Indigenous-led organisations A Tribe Called Geek and Honor the Earth. 424 actions were taken during that campaign, off the back of a 90-minute rally on YouTube Live.

Shortly after that, I held my own ATLA watch party with friends. We reflected on how relevant the show continues to be, how it teaches us to care for people and the environment over objects and money, and how it paints a picture of fascism that feels eerily relevant. I also got my friends to take some of the actions proposed by Fandom Forward.

Fandom Forward's campaigns director, Sara Mortensen, said campaigns around climate change can be seamlessly introduced, because fans are already doing things together. "Fandoms that have a lot of energy, you'll see fan leaders organising birthday messages for their favourite actors, or organising community spaces in [the messaging app] Discord or elsewhere," she said.

Fandom Forward and other organisations recognise this potential and push the energy towards climate or social justice issues, Mortensen said. "It helps that so many of our favourite stories have something to say about climate and the environment," she said.

ATLA is a great example of this. In one storyline, the hero Aang and his friends must help a village impacted by a toxic river polluted by the powerful Fire Nation. In the new live action version of The Little Mermaid, Ariel and her sisters are seen cleaning up a shipwreck under the sea, and lamenting how humans are killing coral reefs.

Fans are digging deeper

Critical fandom has the power to make fans care about environment and climate issues. Maritza Mendoza, a water equity and ocean program advocate for GreenLatinos recognises this power. She said people who care about The Little Mermaid tend to also care about or have an interest in the ocean. "For people who don't identify as activists or don't have a degree in water conservation, fan organising can help you learn about climate change and show that your community cares about it," she said.

Robyn Renee Jordan of Black Nerds Create says the way media reflects our real world can inspire critical fandom. "It is great to love something," she said, "but it is even more powerful to really dig deep and look at media from a critical lens and see how that reflects the world around us."

Jordan said its important to follow your passions when doing activism. It's how it keeps you going. Fan organising leans on fans' passions for pop-culture icons and doesn't expect fans to have experience doing activism.

"If you're watching The Little Mermaid and it makes you think, 'look how beautiful our oceans are', and makes you want to do something about preserving water, and you ask how do we continue to maintain that, follow that thought process and don't worry too much about getting it right. Worry about just attempting to do something or to learn more."


Britny Cordera wrote this article for imagine5.com.


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