Virginia has certain restrictions in place for workers handling animal waste in order to avoid contaminating groundwater sources. But one expert says the Commonwealth could do more to educate people about the risk.

Last year, Virginia updated regulations for animal waste at animal feeding operations. One of those regulations included ensuring that storage areas are higher than one foot above the seasonal high water table.

Bryan Dunning, a senior policy analyst for the nonprofit Center for Progressive Reform, said the Commonwealth took a step in the right direction with increased monitoring.

"It's for all facilities constructed after '98," he said. "So, that is some improved monitoring to get an idea of if there are problems with the facility that is breaching into the groundwater."

Dunning added that pre-1998 systems are grandfathered in under the new regulations. The agriculture industry accounts for half of the nitrogen and phosphorus that sucks oxygen out of Chesapeake Bay, which is needed to sustain aquatic life.

Dunning said Virginia officials could take steps to further combat groundwater contamination from manure at animal-feeding operations. That includes making data electronically available to the general public without the need to file a Freedom of Information Act request.

"Public information for these sorts of things is really important because if you source your water for your house from a private well, you're responsible for making sure that your water's clean," he said. "And without having that sort of publicly available database, basically to increase public knowledge, you're kind of operating in an information blackhole. "

Dunning added that unauthorized discharge of animal waste should be publicly disclosed. Confinement operators have said they are always looking for ways to be more environmentally friendly, while also keeping up with consumer demand for high-quality meat.


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Environmental groups say Oregon's new groundwater law, meant to curb pollution, has been diluted to the point they can no longer support it.

Industrial agriculture has contaminated parts of Eastern Oregon's groundwater with nitrates from fertilizers and manure, putting residents, many of whom rely on wells for drinking water, at risk.

Kaleb Lay, director of policy and research for the group Oregon Rural Action, said earlier bill versions would have protected residents and held polluters accountable.

"Unfortunately, as the legislative session went on, we saw industry groups and big ag groups get more and more heavily involved," Lay pointed out. "We really saw the governor concede many of the really important points in this bill."

Nitrates are increasingly linked to cancer, miscarriages and birth defects. Gov. Tina Kotek said the new bill gives state agencies more authority to intervene in Oregon's contaminated groundwater areas.

Jim Klipfel moved to Boardman six years ago and discovered his well was contaminated with nitrates after a neighbor warned him not to drink from the hose. Now, he relies on delivered water as officials work on connecting residents to city water. He said there are more stories of illness in the community than average.

"Scientifically, yes, I know this can't be 100% tied to the nitrates, but it's a pretty huge freaking coincidence," Klipfel contended. "People getting cancer, people having miscarriages, people losing farm animals, horses, cows."

A 39-page amendment to the bill removed key pollution control measures, Lay explained, including a mandate for agencies to review and tighten groundwater pollution permits. He argued the industry has too much influence over the law.

"We need to shift that power back where it belongs," Lay stressed. "That is, to the people who are on the front lines of their pollution. It's to the rural working class, low-income residents."

A report from January showed nitrate levels continued to rise across the Lower Umatilla Basin Groundwater Management Area in Morrow and Umatilla counties. About 40% of tested wells exceeded safe drinking water limits.


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Sometimes called the original "ecosystem engineers," beavers and the techniques they use are guiding conservationists in New Mexico to protect scarce water resources.

Defenders of Wildlife is working with a team to install human-made "beaver dam analogs" along two tributaries of the Upper Rio Grande.

Peggy Darr, New Mexico representative for the advocacy group, said like beaver dams, analogs cause water to pond, allowing surrounding soils to soak up moisture during high flows, which restores habitat and encourages beavers to move in.

"The reason that we want to have as many beavers as the systems can hold is because they help keep rivers running year-round, they help to mitigate fire hazards, they help make water cleaner, they also help to reduce damage from flash flooding," Darr outlined.

A recent survey by the group showed a much higher concentration of beaver dams in the northern part of New Mexico, highlighting a need for targeted conservation in less populated regions.

In the Southwest, many perennial rivers now run dry during parts of the year, discouraging the growth of trees, providing a food source for beavers and the wood they use to build their dams. Darr noted the restoration work includes community and tribal outreach about the importance of a nonlethal beaver/human coexistence.

"If you rip out a beaver dam, beavers can rebuild it overnight sometimes, so you'll spend the rest of your life ripping out beaver dams," Darr pointed out. "And if you kill the beavers, it's like putting up a vacancy sign for another beaver pair, and eventually other beavers will move in."

Massive eradication of beavers began in the 1800s, leading to river and stream degradation in New Mexico and across the nation, often made worse by climate change. Darr emphasized conservation tools and public awareness can be beneficial.

"Beavers do millions of dollars of work for free," Darr stressed. "Beaver coexistence and beaver restoration, and just beavers in general, have become high priority for conservation, especially across the West."

Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations, or CAFOs, are banned from the Buffalo National River watershed.

That's after the Arkansas Legislative Council issued a moratorium, outlawing large-scale swine operations on land surrounding the river.

Gordon Watkins, president of the Buffalo River Watershed Alliance, said it's good news for them - but he said he's concerned about other bodies of water around the state that don't have the same protection.

"We've got lots of high-quality recreational streams in the state that deserve to be protected, but our by-laws restrict us to working within the Buffalo River Watershed," said Watkins. "While we would support changes to the regulation, we can't legally take up the leadership role."

Members of the alliance had been fighting for the moratorium since 2013 when C&H Hog Farm opened in the watershed.

Legislators recently passed Act 921, which allows farms to operate anywhere in the state. The Buffalo River is exempt from the legislation.

C&H Hog Farm shut down in 2020, after pressure from environmentalists who said waste from the operation was contaminating surrounding land and water.

Watkins said changes to state rules, such as not contacting local leaders when a company submits an application for a liquid animal waste permit, could impact other rivers and streams.

"Other places in the state are not going to have public notice," said Watkins, "and they're not going to have access to critical information to be able to see if a facility is being built next to them or to see if it's operating properly over time. So, those are our big concerns."

He urged Arkansans to monitor the actions of the Department of Agriculture and the Department of Environmental Quality.

"Be vigilant, pay attention and push for better transparency," said Watkins. "To push the ag department to at least put up a listserv. If they had a listserv where people could sign up for it and they could be guaranteed that they would receive a notice every time an application came up. "

The Arkansas Farm Bureau and the Arkansas Cattlemen's Association argue the moratoriums are government overreach.





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