The city where you live could be making you, your family and your friends more unconsciously racist, or by contrast, it could make you less racist.

Study findings from New Mexico's Santa Fe Institute show how population, diversity and segregation combine to form a person's unconscious racial bias.

Andrew Stier, a psychologist, postdoctoral fellow at the Santa Fe Institute and lead author of the study, examined why it is true in some cities more than others. He said the research showed those who rub elbows with many different kinds of people revealed less prejudice.

"You learn to do that because you interact with people that are different from you, and you learn something that is not a stereotype of about them, and you think of that person as a person," Stier explained.

Stier pointed out diverse interactions force people to adapt to new situations and learning. The study is based on data from the popular online "Implicit Association Test," which asks volunteer participants to categorize their response when given a pairing of white or Black faces with positive or negative words. A faster association of white equals "good" or black equals "bad" can show inherent racial bias.

To build their model, the researchers took the average bias scores from almost 3 million individuals in different geographic areas and linked them to racial demographics and population data from the U.S. Census. Stier emphasized many cities create dense and diverse networks of social interaction, but not all, including Chicago where he lived for 10 years.

"If you have a city that is very diverse, but very segregated like Chicago is, that diversity doesn't get you that much in terms of not being racist," Stier observed. "It's not just the psychology but also who you can access and what types of opportunities you can have."

He noted in cities where people cannot encounter and interact with people and institutions used by other groups, racial biases create major barriers to equity and amplify disparities including access to medical care, education, employment, policing, mental health outcomes and physical health.


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Rates of breastfeeding in the U.S. have more than doubled since the mid-2000s but advocates pointed out racial inequities during Black Breastfeeding Week.

Initiating breastfeeding after birth has short- and long-term health benefits for babies and their mothers but rates of initiation vary widely by race, with rates for Black infants trailing others.

Janiya Mitnaul Williams, director of the lactation training program at North Carolina A&T State University, trains lactation consultants and has a term for when a new Black mother has someone in the room with shared lived experience: "The mirror-mirror effect."

"It's like one less thing that they have to explain when a person who looks like them steps into the room to help them with breastfeeding their baby," Williams pointed out.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, breastfeeding was initiated for nearly 85% of white infants born in North Carolina in 2019, compared to only about 70% of Black infants; rates similar to national data.

Another barrier is what qualifies someone as a "medical professional." A doula, for example, provides support and advocacy for birthing parents, often early-on in pregnancy.

Brandi Collins-Calhoun, movement engagement manager for the National Committee for Responsible Philanthropy, said a lack of strict medical training means doulas and their peers are undervalued in traditional medical settings.

"While midwives are just getting their foot in the door, doulas are right behind them," Collins-Calhoun observed. "Lactation consultants are behind doulas."

Doulas and midwives have played important roles in communities of color for generations but Collins-Calhoun said they have been largely pushed aside by the medical industry.

Providing affordable training and mentorship are ways to help revive the practices.

Jamilla Walker, a certified nurse-midwife at Cone Health Hospital, said she hopes to see acceptance not just of these roles in the birthing space but also broader forms of community support.

"Birthing people deserve to have their people around them," Walker emphasized.

A bill headed to the State Senate floor this week would require California to start tracking discrimination in health care.

Assembly Bill 3161 asks the state Department of Public Health to collect self-reported patient demographics from complaints at hospitals and long-term care facilities.

Shaleta Smith, a patient from Corona, said she feels bias played a role in her treatment when she faced a life-threatening hemorrhage after childbirth at an Orange County hospital in 2007.

"The emergency room doctor basically told the nurse, 'We need her out of here. I want to discharge her.' She looked at me and she said, 'I'm scared for you.' And I said 'I'm scared for myself,'" Smith recounted. "Luckily, I was able to stay. And if I would have gone home, I would have bled to death. I wouldn't be here today."

The bill would also require hospital patient safety plans to specify methods to address racism and discrimination in health care, including procedures for staff to anonymously report instances of racial bias.

Raena Granberry, director of maternal and reproductive health for the California Black Women's Health Project, said she has heard of cases where patients felt staff ignored them or discounted their level of pain.

"Hearing a father come in and say, 'We've asked the doctors for seven hours to intervene,' and she laid there for seven hours and bled to death," Granberry recalled. "It is a pain that ripples through the community. It's crippling to our collective well-being to continue to experience these types of things."

Hospitals maintain they offer the same high level of care for all patients, regardless of race.

Onyemma Obiekea, policy director for the Black Women for Wellness Action Project, said the data, when broken down by race, will tell a different story.

"It's really important as well for patient safety plans to actually consider the role that some of our biases play in the quality of care that patients receive," Obiekea urged. "Particularly when they are people of color."


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Major League Baseball's All-Star week kicks off tonight at Globe Life Field in Arlington with the Swingman Classic featuring 50 student athletes from Historically Black Colleges and Universities.

The game is sponsored by the MLB-MLBPA Youth Development Foundation, which works to make baseball and softball more accessible for all kids. Its executive director, Jean Lee Batrus, said that after the game, some special athletes will be recognized.

"We have an MVP, which is focused on the skill and the talent," she said, "but we also have a character award, where it goes to another young student athlete, and we really want to recognize that young man's impact in their community, how they give back, their academic track record, and it's not solely based on how they're doing as a baseball player."

The students were picked by Hall of Famer Ken Griffey Jr., Major League Baseball representatives and scouts. Some of the schools represented include Prairie View A&M University, Texas Southern University and Florida A&M University.

The foundation is teaming up with the Mark Cuban Heroes Basketball Center for its "Suit Up Experience" that provides young men with suits, ties, shoes, socks and haircuts. Texas Rangers second baseman Marcus Semien said the classic is an event that could open many doors for some of the players.

"It's an opportunity for primarily Black baseball teams to come out here and play on TV, and play in front of a lot of people in a big-league stadium," he said. "Those opportunities have not always been there, maybe kids with more opportunities take for granted."

Today's festivities will also include a pregame ceremony with the Grandmother of Juneteenth, Dr. Opal Lee, an HBCU college fair and a Battle of the Bands between Texas Southern's "Ocean of Soul" and Prairie View A&M's "Marching Storm."


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